Filtration and Packaging Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Filtration and Packaging - Essay Example the determination of the packing material depends on the nature, type, use and duration of the product. The other factors that influence packing are attractive designs, costs, customer preferences etc (History of packaging and types of packaging.2009). One of the significant determinants in selecting the ideal packing material is of course its cost effectiveness. It this regard, glass stands to be the most appropriate one because around 25% of the raw material cost can be attributable to a glass packing material. Whereas it is around 70-80% for a metallic packing material. Use of chemicals and innovations in this area has made glass one of the most popular packing materials now. But this enthusiasm is limited because due to the increased capital expenditure that is related to use of modern sophisticated glass in the packing industry (Packaging Materials. 2011). Glass has lots of interesting peculiarities to be the most popular packing material that consumers prefer. Among other thing s that make glass ideal for food and beverage packing is that they are either transparent or opaque. This makes the customers to have a first hand vision of the product before they buy it. Moreover the strength, and the ability to have a barrier to water as well as gas and inertness to toxic chemical substances, makes glass the ideal choice (PACKAGING MATERIALS. 2009). Consumers all around the globe prefer glass as packing material especially in the case of packing food and other beverages. They are reluctant to use plastic because of its non friendly environmental and health nature. The main facts that make glass popular among the consumers are purity, recyclables, quality, safety and versatility. Glass packaging supports all these things therefore consumers prefer it. Although almost ninety percentages of the consumers prefer glass to be their preferred choice for packing, it is estimated that glass accounts to only ten percentage of the market share for packaging in the food and beverage category. This clearly suggests that some thing is wrong somewhere. Glass packaging even though popular has not been seen in shelves of stores (Glass is The Consumers Preferred Packaging Material. 2011). In spite of being popular with the customers who prefer glass as a packing material, glass suffers from lots of disadvantage. Predominant among them is its disability to withstand shocks. Glass containers are easily breakable. This prompts the customer to take extra care on it. Other that that breakage of containers also creates small glass pieces inside. This if not noticed enters the body of the person who use it resulting in serious health damage and even death. Therefore use of glass containers is not at all recommended especially for children who are more vulnerable to injuries caused by glass through its use. Other main draw backs are compromise on the hermetic seal of the containers, color changes of the product due to more exposure to light. This draw back is so acu te for beverage products where glass containers permit more sunlight to penetrate inside thereby resulting in damages and loss to the product. Although glass has high barrier properties as well as inertness and adaptable to microwave processing, it is sometimes overweight. This overweight somewhat affects the moods of customers too. More and more customers prefer to carry less weighable things rather those products having more weight.

Film Evaluation Reports Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Film Evaluation Reports - Movie Review Example While there is a tendency to see such films as lesser forms of film, they can and should be appreciated for the way in which they show how cultures can take a lighter view of themselves and of their mythologies. Films that use silliness as a basis for their entertainment are often making light of aspects of society in order to shed a light on how serious human beings sometimes take themselves. Woochi (2009) is first set 500 years in the past, a story of mythologies and human politics creating a set up for the events that will take place in the present. The film begins with a story of goblins who steal an item called the Pipe of the Prophecy, the piece having powers that should not get into the wrong hands. The flute is used by the one god to keep the others, each representing the lunar calendar year. Three demi-gods are trying involved in trying to keep the flute from the goblins, or demons, but when they fail, they ask the help of the Taoist Wizards who are able to retrieved the flu te. However, the Master wizard’s apprentice, who is a bit self important and has a huge pride problem, is accused of a murder and he takes the flute and sets himself into a painted manuscript to hide. When it is discovered that both he and the flute are in the manuscript, one of the wizards, Hwadom, goes into the manuscript, only to realize that once he is near the flute, he himself is one of the demons. This is a secret to those demons who take human form. They forget that they are demons until they are near the flute. Through a series of coincidences, the flute is torn into three pieces, thus preventing Hwadom from getting the flute and putting it back together. In modern day Seoul, the goblins start once again causing mischief and the three demigods decide to set Woochi free in order to stop the problem. The goblins, disguised as humans, are outside of any current means to stop them, so setting Woochi, who has some of the same knowledge of the Taoist wizards from 500 years previous, seems the best way to handle the problem. They convince Woochi to help them, and all of them being in modern day Korea leads to a great deal of humor based upon the conflict of how people of another time would deal with modern day life. 2.) What does the film reveal about the personality and interests of the filmmaker? What does the film reveal about the attitude of the filmmaker toward his subject? Explain fully. The film engages myth in order to set up its conflicts and to find ways in which to express human hopes and fears through personifications. The nature of the lunar calendar creatures is to personify specific aspects of the dark side of humanity, thus discussing the human existence through this type of literary study. In creating supernatural elements, the real world is reflected in such a way as to create a sectional discussion of different emotional parts of being human. Mythology often isolates aspects of human existence so that those elements can be explored through a less complex examination. This is often the case with humor as well. Humor allows for a piece of literature to more closely examine a part of human life by isolating a part of it and looking at it from various, unusual perspectives. In this film, the concepts of drinking, bumbling, and sexuality are looked at from the perspective of outsiders looking in, as the time variance creates an ‘alien’ atmosphere for the main characters. Using aspects of

The Strategic Positioning Of Ikea Marketing Essay

The Strategic Positioning Of Ikea Marketing Essay An analysis of the strategic position of IKEA has shown that IKEA has different strategic positions in different markets. This assignment will analyse IKEAs strategic position, identify and evaluate various strategic options. While IKEA does not form government policies or make legislation it is important that IKEA understands their implications (Lynch 2009). Take India for example, 100% FDI by a full ownership single brand retailer is not permitted. IKEA could therefore, consider entering into joint venture with local furniture retailers in countries which it wants to expand into or consider other options such as franchising or licensing (Cavusgil et al 2008). IKEA could also consider working with the World Trade Organisation (WTO) to get governments of potential markets to relax legislation and policies as a long-term plan as changing policies and regulations is a process which takes time. China for example has already committed to relaxing regulations since joining the WTO in 2004 and IKEA continues to expand in this market (EmeraldManagementXtra 2007). As there are significant political legal barriers as well opportunities in markets such as Asia and Eastern-Europe which are in the Introduction or Growth Stage of the Industry Life Cycle (Lynch 2009) [Appendix C] and have not yet been dominated by other global furniture companies it is imperative that IKEA move fast to find a way round barriers if it plans on maintaining its position as a global brand in future. Economic, Socio-cultural Technological Continual increase in GDP in the BRIC nations and other markets (NexisUK, 2010) outside Western Europe and North America makes these markets an attractive option and IKEA could expand into these markets going forward. On the contrary increase in GDP may pose a challenge rather than an advantage is it may mean increased competition. Moreover, it may also pose a challenge to IKEA as it may mean that raw materials become more expensive (Coulter 2009) as these countries are also large suppliers of raw materials for IKEA (ScienceDirect 2008). Despite the fact that consumer income expenditure in Western markets dropped significantly since 2008 and they are in the mature stage of the industry life-cycle (Lynch 2009), exiting these markets might not be a good option for the future. Mintel reported that consumer expenditure will increase significantly by 2013; hence IKEA could seek to maintain its position. Furthermore, looking to the future, buyer behaviour could change in favour of IKEA due to economic pressures as customers who previously would have opted for more expensive furniture are likely to opt for reasonably priced furniture. Suggesting a limitation to the Industry Life Cycle model as IKEA is operating in a dynamic environment the factors which caused a market to be mature or in decline can change unexpectedly and IKEA itself can instigate change (Lynch 2009). Increase of life expectancy in markets such as Japan, North-America and Western Europe (Mintel 2010) could mean IKEA must look towards focusing on a different market segment in future as IKEAs target market is currently young middle class. Furthermore, research by GMID, 2010 has shown that the aging population (silver-surfers) in Western-Europe prefer online-shopping due to the convenience of having bulky items delivered at home (Appendix B). IKEA could take this as an opportunity, by widening its internet services it can use the technology to broaden its reach and tap into this market segment in the future. This will not only increase market share and profits in can also be used to enhance customer loyalty as internet purchases can be a good tool of monitoring buyer behaviour (Mintel 2010). On the other hand, IKEA might opt not to take advantage of this social change and technological influence as the store experience is essential to IKEAs competitive advantage and becoming well-known as an e-shop might change its image. That being said, even IKEAs current target market is internet savvy and ignoring such a significant factor may be risky as it is necessary to be adaptive to sustain competitive advantage. . Environmental Green issues are increasingly a large concern for IKEA. Rise in green consumerism (Mintel 2010) has seen IKEA paint a picture to the public that its designs are eco-friendly and it must maintain this image as consumers have become more aware and concerned about the environment. While IKEAs designers are conscious of designing eco-friendly products (Johnson et al 2008), its suppliers may not necessarily practice eco-friendly manufactures. With a large network of suppliers in mostly developing nations some suppliers do not source raw materials through legit channels. The consequences of green-issues are inevitable and in order to maintain competitive advantage IKEA is could to work hand in hand with suppliers and local governments as Corporate Social Responsibility to see that global carbon-footprint is minimised, to avoid backlash from environmental pressure-groups. Comment on Analysis Given that the environment in which IKEA operates is dynamic, IKEA must think fast and move fast on all counts in order to obtain first mover advantage and gain competitive advantage. On the other hand, because the environment is very dynamic, IKEA might move fast in areas where there is less risk and wait for competitors to move first in other areas thus taking advantage of gaps on their strategy. Outcome of Five Forces Analysis The analysis revealed that the industry is more favourable in some markets than others with Asia and Eastern-Europe appearing to be more favourable to a greater extent than others. Competitive rivalry is the key element to consider as it is most likely to have more influence on the future. Bargaining Power of Suppliers IKEA has a large network of suppliers thus there in hardly any threat posed by suppliers. Five-Forces Analysis suggests that suppliers as part of the environment pose a threat which is one of the limitations of this method of analysis as the environment does not have to be a threat; it is possible for IKEA and its suppliers to engage in closer cooperation (Lynch 2009). Cooperation with suppliers would be important for IKEA as it is likely to need to work with its suppliers to tackle green issues if IKEA wants to keep these suppliers which allow it to be a cost-leader. Bargaining Power of Buyers Outcome of Five-Forces implies that buyers have little power which would make the industry favourable. Buyers have little power according to 5-Forces Model, yet there is evidence that IKEA consistently aims to satisfy buyers. Lynch 2009 argues that this is a limitation to the model as the organisations interests do not necessarily come first and the buyer is more important than other aspects of strategy development in this model hence cannot be considered and equal aspect in such an analysis. . Threat of Substitutes This is a key element which makes the low-cost furniture industry unfavourable as threat of substitutes is high particularly in developed markets (Lynch 2009). IKEA is therefore likely to react by widening its online services, in order to protect and expand its market-share. IKEA could consider re-thinking the locations of its stores in order to tackle the threat posed by retailers such as TESCO and Walmart (GMID). To tackle retailers it may also consider backward integration (Johnson et al 2008) as these retailers also have easy access to suppliers and can achieve scale benefits. However, backward integration might prove difficult as IKEAs network of suppliers might be too large to control. Extent of Competitive Rivalry Markets in Developing Economies Competitive rivalry is key because of influences in the macro-environment, that is, (i) increase in GDP in BRIC markets, (ii) barriers to trade in growing markets which are potentially extremely lucrative. IKEA stands a good chance of doing well in these markets, and could take advantage of opportunities through joint venture or franchise as they have already got experience in this region, hence IKEA can maximise on increase in consumer expenditure and change of lifestyle in this region. It would need to be a first mover in untapped Asian markets as rivalry is intense (Cavusgil 2008). Competitors (existing local firms in the industry) are likely to attempt to imitate IKEAs product they might have home ground advantage. To counter this IKEA must be highly differentiated (Lynch 2009). Intense competitive rivalry in BRIC could imply that IKEA must look to other markets such as Africa and the Middle East. North-America and Western-Europe Markets are unfavourable to a greater extent with well established competitors and economic-crises all intensifying rivalry. Target-market is not growing in comparison to other parts of the world, such as South America, Asia and Eastern Europe again intensifying rivalry. On the other hand, Mintel reported that consumer expenditure will increase significantly by 2013. Possible solution therefore is not to exit this market but acquisition of competitors and making sure the product differentiated. Strategic Capability Critical Success Factors (CSFs) IKEA meets most of its CSFs effectively. IKEA provides a unique shopping experience space, childrens camp) which no other competitor offers; as a result IKEA has gained competitive advantage. The exception is delivering and assembling products. While Mintel 2010 suggests that this is an advantage as customers do not have to stay home waiting for a delivery man, and can assemble goods in their own time, GMID 2010 argues that IKEA is missing out on sales as this CSF is not met yet some competitors provide the service. IKEA could opt to maintain this stance in a bid to cut costs or could look into partnering with a company which provides the delivery and assembling service. Unique-Resources and Core-Competencies (Resource Based View) Taking into consideration that resources and competencies may be vague (Lynch 2009) IKEA are well positioned in order to exploit their unique-resources and core-competences for the long term. IKEA is well positioned to exploit its unique resources long term in comparison to a number of its competitors due to experience (Johnson et al 2008). (For IKEAs position on the experience curve see appendices) Furthermore, IKEA is extremely well positioned because whilst competitors can attempt (with difficulty) to imitate other core-competencies and unique-resources, they cannot imitate IKEAs culture. Stakeholder Mapping Placing IKEAs stakeholders on the power/interest matrix is difficult as the matrix has limitations (Johnson et al 2008). Shareholders IKEAs shareholders are a small secretive trust. Little is documented about them hence it is difficult to position them thus determine whether there is need to reposition or maintain their position. It is however probably safe to assume that they have high power and interest. Pressure groups Pressure groups particularly environmentalists and human rights groups (child labour) have moved in recent years from low power to high power thus likely to be blockers of strategy and must be repositioned to become facilitators. IKEA is could reposition them through Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) working hand-in-hand with them for their causes. Improving towards environmentally friendly manufacturing as well as suppliers and being transparent about these procedures in the future as the public have caught on to the green-wash (Mintel 2010). Governments Local governments have repeatedly proven to be blockers of strategy. IKEA could take one of two options to reposition them. First option could be to make them an offer, which is profitable in the long term as development is mutually beneficial (Cavusgil 2008). Second option could be working with the World Trade Organisation to tackle unfair trade policies (however, this may take years). China has already changed most the policy it was asked to change by the WTO since 2004 (BusinessSourcePremier 2010). For any strategy to work is important that the implementers of strategy are onboard hence some key employees who are against the strategy might have to be repositioned preferably by involving the gatekeepers in the implementation (Mullins 2006). Repositioning shareholders will result in increased market share, increased profits, increased access to resources, increased competitive advantage as well as increased competition as competitors are likely to react to IKEAs actions (Johnson et al 2008). Strategic Group Analysis Mapping of strategic groups (Appendix F) reflects that IKEA does not fall into a specific group. IKEA is not just a retailer, it is also a manufacturer. IKEA has created its own niche. For the long-term, this might mean focus on maintaining its strong brand image and protecting the niche. Moreover, mapping of strategic groups reflected attractive strategic spaces (Johnson et al 2008), for example there is room for a global-brand which sells bespoke furniture on a global scale. IKEA might want to take advantage of the strategic space long-term perhaps by starting a new brand which targets the gap (Johnson et al 2008). It could also cover strategic space by entering geographical regions which other low-cost global brands have not yet entered such as Africa. PART B IDENTIFICATION OF MAJOR STRATEGIC OPTIONS FACING IKEA STRATEGIC CHOICE IKEA has a low-cost base and reinvests in low price and differentiation, simultaneously seeking differentiation and price lower than that of competitors as evidenced by added value, store design, durability and functionality of products at a low-price. IKEA therefore follows a hybrid strategy (Johnson et al 2009). Hybrid strategy is appropriate for IKEA because there is opportunity for economies of scale and cost reduction and IKEA seeks to enter new markets such as Asia where there are existing competitors (Johnson et al 2008). In addition, Hybrid strategy is recommended as an entry strategy into markets which have established competitors (Johnson et al 2008) therefore it would be highly appropriate for IKEAs future as IKEA seeks to enter markets in Asia and Eastern Europe. Furthermore, Hybrid fits IKEAs core competencies, thus allowing IKEA to sustain competitive advantage. STRATEGIC OPTIONS STRATEGI DIRECTION IKEA competes in different geographical regions, therefore may opt for different strategic options in different regions. North America Northern and Western Europe Consolidation in most of Northern Europe could be an option as there is little or no room for growth. Differentiation strategies when defending market share in order to build customer loyalty and switching costs are often effective (Johnson et al pg.260 2008) Market Penetration is an option in North America and Western Europe (mature stage) as there is opportunity to gain market share, for instance in the USA IKEA has 2.7% market share (Appendix G). Market penetration in this case could be done via acquisition of an existing competitor or merger. Market Development could be a strategic option for IKEA in the UK as life expectancy has increased. Increased ageing population could be opportunity by IKEA to use its core competencies to enter a new market segment. Entering into new market segment could be done by developing a new brand which serves new market segment [existing product offered to new market] (Johnson et al 2008). Methods which could be used to execute this are organic development or merger. Developing Economies Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe, Middle East and South America Market Development entering new territories is an option. IKEA has a proven track record on entering new markets therefore it could take advantage of the growth opportunities in markets such as Eastern-Europe and other potentially lucrative developing economies (Johnson et al 2008). IKEA could pursue market development through acquisition, merger, franchising or licensing depending on the various macro and micro environmental influences (Cavusgil 2008). All regions Product development as a strategic option could work globally. For example, IKEA could use its existing competencies to sell electrical appliances to its existing customer base (Johnson et al 2008). Diversification on existing competences or capabilities is another strategic option which IKEA could opt for. IKEA could start Training and Development, (training on management and teambuilding) as it is renowned for good operations management and teamwork. Consultancy on entering foreign markets could be another route as IKEA has vast experience in this area. IKEA already designs modern style low-cost furniture and could take advantage of this to change the Interior Decoration Industry as this service is usually only afforded by an elite few. IKEA could change this by offering this service at a low cost. The various diversification options could be done through organic growth as suggested diversification is based on existing competences and resources. PART C Evaluating Strategic Options. Consolidation Suitable in Northern Europe as the market is declining (see appendix D) and there is little of no room for growth. Likely acceptable to stakeholders as it is low risk and aims to protect current market share. Consolidation is feasible as no new key resources and core competencies are required in order to execute it. Market penetration This option is suitable given that there is little room for growth in North America Northern and Western Europe. In addition, there are several significant barriers to trade outside the West hence North America, Northern and Western Europe remain important markets for IKEAs future, thus penetration is suitable. Furthermore, gaining market share will help maintain scale advantages which IKEA currently exploit, which is essential to IKEA as a cost leader (Johnson et al 2008). On the other hand, established competitors are likely to in retaliate. Moreover, legal constraints may come into play; for example, in the UK, the Competition Commission can investigate any merger or acquisition which would account for more that 25% of the market (Johnson et al 2008). It is likely that this option will be acceptable to stakeholders as no new competencies or resources are required. The same reason makes it feasible (Johnson et al 2008). Market Development Market Development would be suitable as most major current markets are saturated and at the moment there are new opportunities for entering new segments (UK, ageing population) and new geographical locations (developing nations). Furthermore, it fits well with IKEAs resources and competencies. Market development in the UK is likely to be acceptable to stakeholders as due to low risk. The UK economy is more stable than most and there is political stability. However, market development in regions such as Africa or Asia is likely to be deemed unacceptable as soft currencies pose high financial risk and so does political instability. It can be said that market development would indeed be feasible in any world region as IKEA could carry it out without developing new competencies and resources and has the experience. In a dynamic environment IKEA has little choice but to exploit its existing resources and competencies. On the other hand, feasibility can be questioned due to lack of infrastructure in developing in some nations Product Development (Electrical appliances) Option is suitable. IKEA has the facilities to offer existing customers new products (majority of IKEA stores are large). In addition, it is an opportunity for IKEA to exploit existing knowledge of customer needs of its existing customers. On the other hand, IKEA is known for furniture, introduction of new products risks changing brand image in the customers perspective; hence it might be an unsuitable option. Stakeholders are likely to deem it acceptable because it can be done in existing stores, is low risk and could have a high return. Product development is feasible, as long as IKEA has the resources and competencies. Product development based on new resources and competencies could be challenging for IKEA. Diversification Over the years IKEA has developed several competencies and gained resources which can be applied in other industries. IKEA could provide diversification options at low cost because of existing competencies (e.g. skills) and resources (e.g. employees). These diversification options done through organic development would be feasible as IKEA already has competencies and resources hence other methods such us merger would be of minimum benefit to IKEA This method and option would be suitable because current markets are saturated in major existing markets and it is based on existing resources and competencies. In addition, it is a low risk and low revenue investment; hence likely acceptable to stakeholders. Recommendation IKEA is already a global brand and could work towards expanding as a global brand through Foreign Direct Investment. Market Development in developing economies particularly South America could be seen as the best option out of all the options mentioned. There is political stability in the greater part of this region and the economy is growing at a steady rate in most of South America. IKEA targets young families and students and demographic studies in South America show that this population is not in decline. Many governments in this region welcome investors, thus it is likely to be favourable which will work in IKEAs favour as it already has a significant amount of experience dealing with foreign governments. South American market has not yet been dominated by other global furniture retailers which IKEA competes with. In addition, in comparison to other new markets such as Africa and parts of Asia, South America has better infrastructure making it an even more attractive option (MINTEL 2010). Acquisition or merger would be an appropriate method based on the points mentioned. Market Development in developing economies, particularly South America would therefore be suitable, feasible and most likely acceptable. While other methods such as Franchising and Licensing may be low cost, they are not recommended as it may be challenging to train on culture to outsiders. Moreover, IKEA is the only furniture retailer which provides the unique shopping experience hence the risk of that the franchisee or licensee may take advantage of acquired knowledge is likely to be one not with taking in a potentially large market such as South America Cavusgil 2008). Acquisition or merger would therefore be more suited to exploit IKEAs key resources and core competencies during market development. APPENDIX Appendix A PESTEL ANALYSIS Political Legal Barriers to trade tariffs, taxes, bound to enter into joint venture with local business in China Russia government intervention on rates India government wants to limit IKEAs growth rate in India Politics influences legislation hence Barriers to trade tariffs, taxes, bound to enter into joint venture with local. Economic Economic down turn Subprime crisis, recession Foreign Currency Risk Increase in GDP in Asian some markets ( particularly China India) Socio-cultural Aspirations of middle class to have good quality furniture in the markets in which IKEA competes Demographic aging population in some markets, eg UK Technological Increased use of the internet Environmental GREEN CONSUMERISM Increased concerns regarding environment (eco-friendly) influence manufacturing. Environmental pressure groups Global carbon foot print of suppliers is constantly under question by the public. Appendix B Source: Global Marker Information Database Inter IKEA Systems BV in Retailing World July 2010 Appendix C Industry Life Cycle Industry life cycle is more useful as an analysis tool in some markets that others, as suggested by Dhalla Yuspeh, it has its limitations. Competitive forces change over time, the impact of effects of the five forces therefore varies depending on the Industry life cycle (Johnson et al 2009). The use of the Industry Life Cycle as an analysis tool will therefore be used to analyse the competitive forces in markets which are at the initial stages of the cycle, that is, introduction growth. It will not be used in US UK markets as it is unclear whether these markets are in the decline or mature stage. It will be applied to Aisan and Eastern European Markets as it will allow us to identify the dynamic factors that are shaping IKEAs future. Source: Online Western Europe Mature. North-America and Western-Europe Mature or Decline? Asia, Eastern Europe, South America and Africa Growing. (Competitors attracted to enter market and maximise on advantages of early entry / expansion as other global furniture companies have not yet dominated these markets. Appendix D Market Growth Trend Source: Global Marker Information Database Inter IKEA Systems BV in Retailing World July 2010 Appendix E Porters Five Forces Analysis Bargaining Power of Suppliers Raw materials account for a large portion of IKEA s costs yet power of supplies remains low regardless. There is no or little possibility of forward-integration hence power of suppliers can be said to be low as (Lynch 2009). Little to no possibility of forward integration (mastering the key competencies of IKEA is likely to be a daunting task for suppliers). LOW Supplies/raw materials account for a large portion of IKEAs costs. Raw materials are mostly sourced from. HIGH Buying Power Buyers Low switching costs would increase the power of buyers yet in IKEAs case it does not count as other factors are more significant. Price is important to IKEAs target market and IKEA competes on price hence buyers are unlikely to switch which lowers buyers power. Moreover, there is little or no possibility of backward integration again lowering power of buyers. Little to no possibility of backward integration (buyer competition threat). LOW Low cost of switching. HIGH Price is important to IKEAs market. IKEA is consistently works to have lower prices than several competitors, hence customers are unlikely to switch. LOW Threat of Entrants The market in which IKEA competes, economies of scale are important, hence it is difficult for new-comers to enter as it is likely to take a long time before they can achieve economies of scale. Which in turn makes access to supply channels is likely to be difficult for entrants. Moreover, the furniture industry requires high revenue investments and entrants might find difficulty in raising such funds. In addition, IKEA has differentiated its product also making it tougher for new entrants as it is difficult to imitate. Economies of scale are important it is difficult for new comers to achieve economies of scale. LOW High revenue investment / High capital requirements. New comers might find it difficult to raise such funds. LOW Cost of switching is low. HIGH Access to supply or distribution channels. Differentiation. IKEAs product is highly differentiated. LOW Threat of Substitutes Increasingly high as retailers such as TESCO and Walmart are increasing their furniture ranges (GMID 2010). Furthermore, internet sales on sites such as Amazon are growing and are likely to continue growing in developed markets thus encroaching on store based sales. Product for Product Plenty competition in all markets, low cost of switching HIGH Retailers such as Tesco Walmart are increasing their furniture ranges With the growth in internet retailing sales likely to retain its momentum in developed markets and encroaching on store-based sales eg Amazon HIGH Extent of Competitive Rivalry Western-Europe and North-America as markets are in the mature stage of the Industry Life Cycle thus intensifying rivalry as there is little room for growth. Furthermore, competitors in North-America are equally as big as IKEA Companies such as Nitori in Japan and PPR in Europe are increasingly matching IKEA in offering attractive designs at low-prices through economies of scale and efficient logistics thus gradually eroding IKEAs competitive advantage and intensifying rivalry. Fixed-costs in Russia which is an important Eastern-European Market are high Decline stage of Industry Life Cycle in European Market increases rivalry INTENSE Rivals such as Nitori in Japan and PPR in Europe can increasingly match it in these areas. INTENSE High fixed costs in Russian market INTENSE Competitors of equal size in US market INTENSE Competitors Attracted to enter Asian market as it is growing. Evidence suggests that 1st movers have strategic advantage INTENSE With the growth in internet retailing sales likely to retain its momentum in developed markets and encroaching on store-based sales eg Amazon INTENSE Appendix F Strategic Grouping Mapping of strategic groups reflects that IKEA and some competitors do not fall naturally into one group. Furthermore, it reflects that IKEA is not at the bottom but its not at the top either and has a large geographical coverage. IKEA competes with both local competitors and global competitors hence it does not fall under one specific strategic group. IKEA competes on price, design, product range and geographical coverage. Furthermore, one of its core competencies which is difficult to imitate is, the idea of the shopping experience. IKEA has created its own niche. Appendix G Home and Garden Specialist Retailers Top 10 Global Companies by Value, 2006-2009 Company 4-year trend 2006 2007 2008 2009 Home Depot Inc, The Æ’Â ¨ 1 1 1 1 Lowes Companies Inc Æ’Â ¨ 2 2 2 2 Inter Ikea Systems BV Æ’Â ¨ 3 3 3 3 Kingfisher Plc Æ’Â ¨ 4 4 4 4 Leroy Merlin Groupe Æ’Â ¨ 5 5 5 5<

The Glen Ridge Rape :: essays research papers

Bernard Lefkowitz’s Our Guys raises a lot of issues, all of which have been discussed throughout this semester.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Just a few pages into the book, words had already begun to jump out at me, capturing my attention. â€Å"The kids in Newark, black and brown, speaking Spanglish, hoods over their heads, wheeling their stolen cars over to the local chop shop -- they were aliens in America. Strange, forever separate and separated from the American ideal. But these Glen Ridge kids, they were pure gold, every mother’s dream, every father’s pride. They were not only Glen Ridge’s finest, but in their perfection they belonged to all of us. They were Our Guys (page 7).† This is a story about White Privilege, I thought. After reading the next two pages, I changed my mind. â€Å"...I wanted to understand how their status as young athlete celebrities in Glen Ridge influenced their treatment of girls and women, particularly those of their age.....I was especially curious about what license they were permitted as a clique of admired athletes and how that magnified the sense of superiority they felt as individuals (pages 8-9).† Oh! This is a story about jock culture, I thought.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I had only touched the surface. Later on, I realized Our Guys was about jock culture and white privilege...as well as rape cultures and patriarchy, male privilege and compulsory heterosexuality, pornography, accountability and â€Å"blame the victim.† All of these issues were part of this, a real life story, a real rape.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Reading the story of the Glen Ridge Rape, I was able to make observations and draw conclusions that Ridgers who lived inside their glass bubbles weren’t able to make. They didn't realize what type of things they were teaching their children. Morals and values are instilled into a person at a very early age. It can start at birth. Males of Glen Ridge were taught that they had power and were expected to do certain things. â€Å"In their youth sons were permitted and even expected to raise a little hell. ‘There was a boys-will-be-boys attitude that went back to the nineteen fifties’....Boys were supposed to be vigorous, assertive, competitive; they were expected to test the boundaries of behavior within clearly established limits† (page 63). This is what boys learned at such an early age. Many of them grew up in male dominant families. Patriarchy was practiced in many homes. Male influence made it difficult for most of them to establish str ong relationships with or learn to appreciate members of the opposite sex.

Galileo on religion and science Essay

Explain Galileo’s attempt to make science and religion compatible, with particular reference to methods of justification. How successful is he? Use Kuhn’s notion of incommensurability to investigate Galileo’s attempt to reconcile the propositions of science and religion. There will always be a battle between religion and science, it is a truth universally acknowledged. Galileo attempted to make the two compatible by suggesting that the truth can only be sought out if the notion under consideration can be accurately tested and if the opposing view can be founded as false. Galileo’s goes into depth about the truth of scripture and the sciences, intertwined with the reason of man, in his letter to Christina of Lorraine, Grand Duchess of Tuscany. Early on in the letter Galileo, infers from St Augustine that the Holy Ghost did not intend to teach â€Å"how heaven goes† rather â€Å"how one goes to heaven†. Galileo interprets this as the underlying basis for the â€Å"common† people to believe that man should not concern themselves with science and that it is against the Bible, and therefore blasphemous. Furthermore this misconception is continued, as Galileo believes that the â€Å"common† people understand the truth in the Bible is largely to do with one’s salvation and other physical things such as whether the Sun or Earth are mobile, are irrelevant. From this Galileo leads on to discuss that â€Å"physical problems† are able to be solved through â€Å"sense-experiences† and reason, as well as the â€Å"authority of scriptural passages† highlighting that either are valid to contain the truth. Galileo argues that God gifted man with the power of reason and logic, so that they would be able to discover and learn about his creation. God did not â€Å"set bounds to human ingenuity† so why should the church impose them, by discrediting and prohibiting some of the greatest work of philosophers and scientists? Galileo had two types of physical propositions: those that are able to be subjected to tests and experiments and those that can only be conjectured about; and these are best left to faith and Holy Scriptures. Galileo did not believe that everything in the universe was known to man, he believed that there were more truths to be discovered. He did not agree that â€Å"free-philosophizing† should be shunned, because the Holy Ghost states that â€Å"man cannot find out the work that God hath done from beginning even to  end†. Galileo is not satisfied by this and urges others to not side with the common opinion of the scriptures, to the point where it blocks logic and reason, and ultimately truth. He highlights this by using the Sun and the Earth: the debate about the still Sun and the mobile Earth, as many come to believe – â€Å"it was most absurd to believe otherwise†. This is because Nicholas Copernicus provided evidence for his claims which were reasonable and logical; that it was â€Å"plain as daylight†. Galileo stresses the importance of not bending the word of God to fulfil ones â€Å"foolish fancies† i.e. one should guard themselves against deliberately misinterpreting the Holy Scripture to suit their own end. The repetition of this (citing scripture to back up their skewed claims) will lead to the inevitable adoption of this understanding and consequently missing the true mean behind the scriptural passages. This is what Galileo means when he refers to as the â€Å"v ulgar† and â€Å"common† people, sometimes misinterpret the holy writings of the Bible â€Å"to fulfil their foolish fancies†. Because of this Galileo advocates the importance for mankind to step away from information that just concerns salvation and to broaden their horizons; most importantly, to not be afraid of the truth. By this he suggests that Holy Scripture and explanations of physical things have their own place in the world and that man should keep an open mind to explore both, because both are valid sources of the truth. He goes on to say that God did not intend for his Word to be misinterpreted like this and the true meaning to be obscured, and this â€Å"sort of abuse† should not â€Å"gain countenance and authority†. However as Galileo stated it is â€Å"more pleasant to gain a reputation for wisdom† without experiments and research than it is to pursue science and produce evidence for these physical observations. Galileo is thankful to God because he does not allow the majority of these â€Å"common folk† as stated above to have all the authority, some learned people too have authority. Galileo is not speaking blasphemy, he is suggesting there is a place for both Holy doctrine as well as scientific doctrine and he attempts to prove this. Galileo is concerned with obtaining the truth about the world we live in, whether religion provides an answer or science. This is evident in the letter when he is discussing the â€Å"celestial bodies† concerning the work of Copernicus. Galileo believes that it would be wholly unjustified to ban  Copernicus’ work after it has been confirmed over the years, he puts it: â€Å"in my judgement to be a contravention of the truth† if this were to occur. Basically Galileo believes if something is true, the basis of the truth either, religious or scientific is equally creditable. He further states that if scientific fact is unattainable, it must be a thing of faith and religion; â€Å"where human reasoning cannot reach† and there â€Å"is no science but only opinion of faith† the truth must be in the Scripture. This is demonstrated in the letter â€Å"whether the stars are animate† or â€Å"whether or not the heavens are spherical†. Galileo believes that ultimately that the science behind a phenomena will equate to the Scripture that describes it; â€Å"the true senses of the Bible† â€Å"will most certainly be found to agree with the proven fact†. He further goes on to admit, that at first the two may seem completely different and closer scrutiny is required. Galileo proves his point further by stating that â€Å"two truths can never contradict each other† ultimately, the religious and scientific, must both be compatible for something to be proven true. The matter of Galileo’s success is dependent largely on his era and the audience. Being a follower of God as well as a man of science and a philosopher, Galileo had to come to terms with both his beliefs and what his physical senses and reasoning told him about the world. He achieved this by describing that the facts produced by reasoning will equal the truth held in the Scripture; both religion and science were correct. However, this was conditional: the Holy Scripture should not be misinterpreted and the notion under consideration should be tested through logic. Following this Galileo, believed that the understanding held by an individual of the Holy Scripture, chiefly relied upon how leaned such a person was and their capacity to understand the true meaning of the Scriptural passages. Primarily Galileo could not disregard the Bible wholly: firstly, as mentioned above he himself believed greatly in God and secondly the people of the time were immersed in the religion from infancy it was to them, â€Å"common† knowledge and the truth about the world. Given this Galileo had to find a solution to please both religious beliefs whilst allowing scientific inquiry and philosophising to occur. As he describe the â€Å"vulgar† and â€Å"common† people may shun his ideas, because they do not accept anything that is not Holy Scripture, and believe Galileo and other scientists and philosophers to be blasphemous. However Galileo attempts to  make sense of this by discussing that perhaps they misinterpreted the Bible and consequently the true meaning (which is compatible with science) is lost to them, that it is beyond their capacity to comprehend. It is remarked by Galileo: â€Å"people who are unable to understand both the Bible and the sciences far out number those who do understand† – perhaps this is Galileo commenting on his own success; that he is only able to reach people if they understand the true meaning of Scripture and are capable of understanding the sciences. Galileo in his attempt to reconcile the propositions of both religion and science, it is evident that he employed Kuhn’s measures of perpetual incommensurability. The evidence acquired via observation is an insufficient basis for theory comparison, due to the inherent idea that perceptual experience is theory dependant. Basically, one’s ability to develop a theory is based on their previous life experiences; whether it be from actual physical events, emotional or spiritual events. All play a role in the development of a theory, which is formed based on how an individual sees the world and what they conclude about it. This in mind, it can be observed that Galileo’s religious upbringing and his adulthood, greatly influenced his views on religion and science. Galileo believed that Holy Scripture and the sciences were compatible; it can be inferred from his letter (as previously discussed) that when human reasoning is unable to provide an answer than it must be left to faith. Extrapolating on this one may conclude that Galileo could be suggesting that the true meaning of science was written in the Bible and God gifted humans with the power to reason, to ultimately find out the truth of the world, of creation. It is this notion that people may find it hard to come to terms with because, it was believed that God did not want humans to discover the truth. However, Galileo questioned (as did many others) why then did God bestow reason and logic on humans? This ultimately drives Galileo in his quest to make religion and science compatible. This reflects the perpetual incommensurability of Kuhn; that one’s background will inevitably colour their perception, as demonstrated by Galileo’s attempt to reconcile religious faith and the s ciences. Reference list All in text citations and all information about this essay were sourced from the following: ATS2867, Thinking about Science Study guide and Readings, Monash University, 1998: 15-30;51-66.

Tourism has a great impact on environments, communities and economies

According to publicity, the holiday complex at Carlyon Bay will be â€Å"a dazzling jewel, likely to become one of Europe's most glamorous seaside destinations†. The proposed site at Carlyon Bay, Cornwall, near Fowey would bring new jobs, businesses and more people to the area, leading to the multiplier effect, yet would destroy a fragile environment and beautiful scenery. The planned site would consist of 500 holiday homes, hotels, shops, bars and restaurants to the already popular holiday destination. Local council people are concerned the development will put too much pressure on local roads, amenities and would prove a severe loss of a well-liked mile long beach. Peter Browning, spokesman for the Carlyon Bay Watch, opposing the development said, † The development is just wholly inappropriate for the area. Not only will it damage the environment it will double the size of the community and put huge stress on the infrastructure. One person's dream house is another person's nightmare.† The planning permission for the 511 homes was granted in the late 1980s and the Ampersand Group bought the site, which stretches from the top of the cliffs high watermark, last year. Ampersand claim the project will be â€Å"ecologically imaginative† and have a â€Å"flowing design†, it is also said to â€Å"blend in†. Cornwall wildlife trust wants an environmental impact assessment to be carried out as the site has rare plants – heath milkwort, bell heather and eye bright yet Anderson argues it bought the planning permission before this was necessary. Although Ampersand claim the project would be beneficial to the area, creating 600 jobs, the area is already high in employment and the planned development could discourage some people from visiting as it would ruin the serenity of the area. One local resident was reported to say â€Å"these types of development have more in common with third world countries where there are secure enclaves for the rich, with little or no benefit for the local population- there will come a time when we will only be able to walk along the coastal footpath and look down on the beach from afar†. Carlyon Bay is also a 1995 Seaside Award Winner, winning points for its cleanliness on land and sea, and for its excellent facilities, coupled together with safe bathing, water sports, and trouble-free leisure, it is already a popular and amply developed site in many eyes. Clive Kessel vice chairman of the Restormel regeneration partnership said the development could bring money into an area that has suffered economic hardship. He denied that the development would harm the environment and dismissed concerns about access, he conceded that it would have an impact on local infrastructures but said work would be done to improve local roads and people would be encouraged to use public transport to get there. Other developments of tourism in the UK have been successful. In Bournemouth for example, where the tourism development have been very successful. Bournemouth's economy has been built upon tourism and with nearly two million staying visitors and over four and a half million day visitors every year, Bournemouth is a top international resort and the tourist industry is vital to the towns economy. In 1995 tourism generated à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½479 million of expenditure directly and also indirectly therefore supporting 16400 jobs. Direct tourism spent in Bournemouth accounts for 11% of that for the entire southern region. Tourism has also had a multiplier effect in Bournemouth bringing in retail, leisure and entertainment industries. Although this type of industry is appealing to Carlyon Bay, it is unrealistic. Carlyon Bay is not the same size as Bournemouth and does not have the same accessibility. It also has a very seasonal tourist industry. Although many people in Cornwall are against the development, Malcolm Bell, Executive chair of the local tourist board, southwest tourism, said it would create jobs and hopefully bring in tourists all year although he didn't want to see similar developments springing up on other Cornish beaches. The council are pushing for the development to go through as they have already sold 150 of the houses planned to be built, it is financially and in the long term economically a positive thing for the council. In conclusion, Carlyon Bay has been successful and popular up to this day, if the area has managed to sustain itself until now, we must ask whether this development is really necessary. The stretch of coastline planned to be developed is extremely beautiful and a popular site with walkers, holidaymakers, families and local residents. The development of this area may discourage these people from returning. I feel the development would not be a good idea as environmentalists and residents agree, the area has a fragile ecosystem and attracts many tourists anyway, the development would attract different people and the site could easily become â€Å"trashy and unpopular†. On the other hand the development of Carlyon Bay would bring in more jobs and the multiplier effect would bring a better economy and trade for smaller businesses, yet they have managed so far and the development would have other consequences too. Roads, amenities and other services would become very busy, good for the businesses yet this would lead to worse quality of service for the local residents as more cafes and other amenities place their emphasis on the tourists. Carlyon Bay won the 1995 Seaside Award and so is obviously already a gorgeous area, would the development of houses, entertainment facilities and restaurants really improve it? I think not.

Hedda Gabbler Quotes

'Hedda Gabbler' Quotes Herink Ibsen is one of Norways greatest playwrights. Hes referred to as the father of realism  which is the theatrical practice of making shows seem more life everyday life. Ibsen had a great talent for portraying the drama inherent in seemingly everyday lives. Many of his plays dealt with issues of morality which made them quite scandalous  at the time they were written. Ibsen was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature three years in a row.   Feminism in Ibsens Plays Ibsen is probably best known for him feminist play  A Dolls House  but feminist themes occur in much of his work. At the time female characters were generally written as side characters of little importance. When they did play major roles they rarely dealt with the difficulties of being a woman in a society that allowed them very few opportunities or choices. Hedda Gabler is one of Ibsens more  memorable heroines for that reason. The play is a brilliant portrayal of female neurosis. Heddas choices in the play  dont seem to make sense until one considers how little control she has over her own life. Hedda is desperate to have power over something, even if it is another persons life. Even the title of the show can be given a feminist  interpretation. Heddas last name in the show is  Tesman, but by naming the show after Heddas maiden name it implies she is more her own woman than the other characters realize.   Summary of Hedda Gabler   Hedda Tesman and her husband George have returned from a long honeymoon. In their new home, Hedda finds herself bored with her options and company. Upon their arrival, George realizes his academic rival  Eilert as begun working on a manuscript again. George doesnt realize that his wife and former rivals are former lovers. The manuscript could put Georges future position in jeopardy and would secure Eilerts future. After a night out, George finds Eilerts manuscript which hes lost while drinking. Hedda rather than tell Eilert that the manuscript has been found convinces him to kill himself. After learning his suicide was not the clean death she imagined she takes her own life. Quotes From Hedda Gabler These impulses come over me all of a sudden, and I just cant resist them. - Hedda, Act 2Our common lust for life. - Là ¶vborg, Act 2Oh courage...oh yes! If only one had that...Then life might be livable, in spite of everything. - Hedda, Act 2But hell come...With vine leaves in his hair. Flushed and confident. - Hedda, Act 2Everything I touch seems destined to turn into something mean and farcical. - Hedda, Act 4But, good God! People dont do such things. - Hedda, Act 4

The Escape Analysis Essays

The Escape Analysis Essays The Escape Analysis Paper The Escape Analysis Paper Analysis of the story â€Å"The Escape† by Somerset Maugham. Sometimes men cannot say â€Å"No† to women, although they want it, and that’s why they have to make up some situations to make women say them â€Å"No†. The short story â€Å"The Escape† written by Somerset Maugham is exactly about this case, about the conflict between man and woman, and this escape is the main theme of the text. The idea of the story is that one should put on his thinking and act very carefully, as sometimes procrastination can give better results than haste. The message of the story is that a woman can be sly and scheming, but a man can make it his way also. This story makes the reader think about life and relationships and it is not surprising, because S. Maugham became known as a master of human soul, a wise man who not only knows how to depict, the hypocrisy and brutality of bourgeois society, but also has the ability to portray different characters in clear and natural Manner. The text â€Å"The Escape† under consideration begins with a key sentence which contains the whole content of the story in the folded form. Maugham writes about the relationship between Roger Charing and Ruth Barlow. Roger’s friend describes everything, whose name we don’t know. Roger Charing is a young man, who has a lot of money. And he falls in love with Ruth Barlow – an unhappy woman, who was twice a widow. They were happy together and they decided to marry. Then suddenly Roger fell out of love with Ruth, and he found the way, how to make Ruth release him. He told her that they would marry, when they would find the perfect house for both of them. However time passed away and Roger rejected all the orders of the agents offering a new house. At last Ruth lost her patience and left Roger herself. The title of the text is one word that consist the definite article ‘the’ and the noun ‘escape’. The definite article ‘the’ is here not accidentally – it claims that text is about exactly this escape and not any in the world. The story begins with the narrator’s introduction of the problem that if a woman wants to marry a man, it’s a man’s hazard and he has to find the way out of the situation. This is the exposition of the story. The exposition is written in the ironic tone. Such epithets as instant flight, inevitable loom, the narrator’s note â€Å"with a tooth brush for all his luggage, so conscious was he of his danger and the necessity for immediate action† make this effect. Then comes the inciting moment, in which both Roger Charing and Ruth Barlow are introduced. It is said that Ruth was twice a widow and it is said ironic, because the reader can think that Roger is the next victim, through the simile â€Å"He went down like a row of ninepins†. He also gives a direct description of Ruth’s eyes using the epithets â€Å"splendid†, â€Å"moving†, â€Å"big and lovely†, a detached epithet â€Å"poor dear† – all in the ironic way. The modal verb must, exclamatory sentence, parallel constructions â€Å"if she married a husband beat her, if she employed a broker he cheated her, if she engaged a cook she drank†, the allusion â€Å"She never had a little lamb but it was sure to die† make a humorous effect. We can recognize now completely that all the narrator’s words were ironic, because his epithets towards Ruth are like that, and also â€Å"stupid† and a simile â€Å"as hard as nails†. Then there comes an explanation of why he has such an attitude towards the poor widow. Going further, we come across an anticlimax. The tense is growing, but then Roger â€Å"on a sudden, fell out of love†. This is a bit unexpected. Ruth’s â€Å"pathetic (a repeated epithet) look ceased to wring Roger’s heart-strings† (a metaphor). But Roger â€Å"swore a solemn oath† (a metaphor) not to jilt Ruth, moreover, she was able to â€Å"assess her wounded feelings at an immoderately high figure† (an extended metaphor). And here begins the real climax with its growing tense. The author uses repetitions â€Å"they†¦ they†, â€Å"sometimes†¦ sometimes†, â€Å"they looked, they inspected, they climbed†. After the main heroes’ reasoning in direct speech, their proceeded searching for a house looks like a repetition, too. Yet, the author uses an antonomasia here, calling Roger an angel, though we know he is not – an irony. Their further reasoning in the direct speech appears to be the climax: â€Å"do you want to marry me or do you not? † Roger kept standing on his position epithets â€Å"assiduous and gallant†. Their letters are resolution of the text.

Habits and Traits of Rove Beetles, Family Staphylinidae

Habits and Traits of Rove Beetles, Family Staphylinidae Tiny rove beetles are everywhere, yet most people rarely notice these beneficial insects. Rove beetles, which belong to the family Staphylinidae, inhabit a variety of interesting ecological niches, including ant nests, fungi, decaying plant matter, dung, and carrion. What Do Rove Beetles Look Like? Most rove beetles make their living after sunset when they emerge from hiding to pursue insect prey. You’ll find rove beetles by looking in moist environments crawling with maggots, mites, or other even springtails. Some rove beetles react to perceived threats by tipping their abdomens up, as scorpions do, but this gesture is all bark and no bite. Rove beetles can’t sting, but the larger ones can inflict a nasty bite if mishandled. Adult rove beetles rarely top 25 mm in length, and most measure considerably less (under 7 mm or so long). Their elytra are noticeably shortened, though they can fly quite well thanks to functional hindwings tucked carefully underneath. In most rove beetles, you can see several exposed abdominal segments because of this diminished wing structure. Rove beetles have mouthparts modified for chewing, often with long, sharp mandibles that close sideways across the front of the head. Because many species sport a pair of short projections at the end of the abdomen, people often mistake them for earwigs. Rove beetle larvae have elongated bodies and appear slightly flattened when viewed from the side. They’re usually off-white or beige, with a darker head. Like the adults, the larvae often have a pair of projections alongside the tip of the abdomen. How Are Rove Beetles Classified? Kingdom - AnimaliaPhylum - ArthropodaClass - InsectaOrder - ColeopteraFamily - Staphylinidae What Do Rove Beetles Eat? The large family Staphylinidae includes many rove beetle genera with eating habits as diverse as the group. Most rove beetles are predatory as adults and larvae, feeding on other, smaller arthropods. Within the family, however, you’ll find rove beetles that specialize on a diet of fungal spores, others that eat pollen, and still others that feed on the regurgitated food from ants. The Rove Beetle Life Cycle As all beetles do, rove beetles undergo complete metamorphosis. The mated female deposits a cluster of eggs near a source of food for her offspring. Rove beetle larvae typically inhabit moist environments, such as in soil covered by decaying leaf litter. The larvae feed and molt until they are ready to pupate. Pupation occurs in moist leaf litter or the soil. When the adults emerge, they are very active, especially at night. How Do Rove Beetles Behave? Some rove beetles use chemicals in clever ways to their advantage. Those in the genus Stenus, for example, live around ponds and streams, where they can find their favorite prey, springtails. Should a Stenus rove beetle suffer the unfortunate mishap of slipping into the water, it will release a chemical from its hind end which magically lowers the surface tension behind it, effectively thrusting it forward. Paederus beetles defend themselves by emitting the toxic pederin chemical when threatened. More than one entomology student has borne the blisters and burns from handling Paederus rove beetles. And at least one male rove beetle, Aleochara curtula, applies an anti-aphrodisiac pheromone to his female partner, rendering her undesirable to any future suitors. Where Do Rove Beetles Live? Rove beetles inhabit moist environments throughout the world. Though the family Staphylinidae numbers well over 40,000 species worldwide, we still know relatively little about rove beetles. The classification of rove beetles and related groups is ever-changing, and some entomologists estimate that Staphylinids may eventually number well over 100,000. Sources: Borror and DeLong’s Introduction to the Study of Insects, 7th Edition, by Charles A. Triplehorn and Norman F. JohnsonInsects: Their Natural History and Diversity, by Stephen A. MarshallKaufman Field Guide to Insects of North America, by Eric R. Eaton and Kenn KaufmanRove Beetles, by Carol A. Sutherland, Extension and State Entomologist, New Mexico State University, accessed November 28, 2011

Cultural Anthropology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Cultural Anthropology - Essay Example Sir Edward Taylor gave one of the earliest definitions of anthropology as â€Å"A culture or a civilization is a complicated package which includes knowledge, ideas, beliefs, morals, values, style of living and any other capabilities acquired by a human being when he becomes a member of any society.† Cultural Anthropology is supported by ethnography (Ethno meaning people graphy meaning writing). Whatever data is collected by anthropologists through observations, interviews, questionnaires; it is captured by â€Å"writing† it. This â€Å"writing† is very similar to the field studies or case reports which we make these days. These â€Å"writings† are used to describe the human societies, their cultures, their style of living, customs, languages, food, marriages etc. Ethnography is the backbone of cultural anthropology. Without the written descriptions of civilizations and human societies, it would be impossible for the future generations to learn of a particular cultural/nation or society that existed in the past. There are various ways through which an anthropologist can collect data for ethnography. The most common and the easiest way to collect data is by observing the participants. Anthropologists often study different human societies by living with the participants and observing them. Another common method often used by anthropologists is by interviewing the people of a society. Interviews can vary between small peep talks with the citizens or can involve long detailed conversation covering various topics.The third method is by asking the participants to fill in the questionnaires.

Four Seasons Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Four Seasons - Research Paper Example 3). Vivaldi’s Four Seasons is distinctly one of the most outstanding works done by Antonio Vivaldi. The song has been used in various movies like; A view to kill, Tin cup, White Chicks among others (Atrium Musicologicum Para. 1). Four seasons has four distinct musical pieces from an orchestra and solo violinist. It signifies the different activities, sounds, atmosphere and weather of the four seasons; Summer, Spring, Winter and Autumn. Despite them being different and each complete by itself, they are designed to perform together (Squido.com, Para. 5). Notes and Historical information Four Seasons by Vivaldi was published in 1725, in a concerto composed of twelve sets referred to as The Test of Harmony and Intervention. Each concerto is in a separate variety of fast-slow-fast movements. Four Seasons by Vivaldi appealed more to the French. That is why King Loius XV loved the ‘Spring’ and authorized it to be performed at the most unanticipated moments (Green Para. 2 ). The period when the Four Season was produced was known as the Baroque era. This era came after the renaissance and middle Ages where there was a large audience for European music that was accompanied with religious hymns. The Baroque era was attributed by the existence of secular vocal music, opera and orchestral music. Based on their texture, the four seasons were unique in the manner that; â€Å"Spring† being one of the seasons was characterized with a Tutti. This represented the arrival of the season, next was the first solo which depicted the greeting from the birds, it followed that the next episodes were related to breezes and a thunderstorm. The solo was also characterized by the existence of a second set of violins. This represented the sound that was produced by the leaves and branches and the viola in the set represented his â€Å"faithful dog† as it was constantly repeated in the set. It should also be noted that the â€Å"barking† was not original ly part of the sonnet but part of the viola part instructions. The set also had an amazing dace part where it represented the inclusion of droning basses. â€Å"Summer† season set was showcased by the opening bars and represented by the sun and a sweltering â€Å"man and flock† (Laphil, â€Å"Antonio Vivaldi†). The first solo consisted of a violin which was accompanied with ornamented and unique cuckoo notes. It was then followed by a turtledove and goldfinch, and rustling of the gentle zephyr breeze, which is joined by the violent north wind (Laphil, â€Å"Antonio Vivaldi†), where the wind has a theme that characterizes the smooth entrance of a shepherd. The shepherd is describes by the music as being fearful that a storm is about to hit the earth and this fearful state was depicted in the form of diminished musical chords. Summer was also characterized by the onset of buzzing insects in the air and the shepherd was listening to them with the mentality a nd thought of the thunderstorm that were about to be experienced. The final set of this portion was that that was related to the actual storm. â€Å"Autumn† was the next season among the four seasons by Vivaldi. It was initially depicted by a dance that was linked to harvest. The individuals enjoy the harvest and they win and dance. They also enjoy the fresh air and rest as they reap their hard

Hypothetical Working Agreement Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Hypothetical Working Agreement Paper - Essay Example After reading through the work, you are free to contact me through the message board for any clarifications and amendments and I shall be glad to assist you. Thank you. Hypothetical Working Agreement between Clinician and Sheila who wants her children back Introduction The use of illegal drugs such as cocaine, marijuana and heroine continue to be a critical issue in our contemporary world. The menace has no proved advantage but day in and out, people get themselves in it. According to the Schaffer Library of Drug Policy (2006), â€Å"The effects of marijuana and THC on several intellectual and cognitive abilities with drug doses commonly used in North America today.440 Short-term serial position memory was significantly impaired with the higher THC and marijuana doses, but not with lesser quantities.† The same is true for cocaine and other hard drugs. The cause of illegal drug usage results from false ideas peddled about them. In some circles, it is believed that the use of dr ugs can improve intellectual performance but people who follow these ‘doctrines’ only end up retarding their intellectual capabilities instead of improving it. It is a situation of this nature that Sheila currently find herself in; resulting in the adoption of her two children by the Child Protective Unit. But of course, there is hope for Sheila as long as she is willing to be helped. Assessment Sheila, who lives in Austin, Texas No.1 Westend Street, is a 27-year-old mother with two kids. The woman, a White American by descent is currently separated with her husband and lives with her cousin in Austin, Texas. The 27 year old lady is a Catholic and works with a local restaurant as waitress though she is a first degree holder in Education. Sheila has had four years previous working experience as a teacher; at which time she received as much as $1800 a month compared to the $900 she takes currently as a waitress. The lady, who justifiably deserves more than her current soc ial status has a problem of drug addiction. She has been using crack cocaine for four years. Meanwhile, â€Å"Existing law provides for services to abused and neglected children and their families† (Department of Social Service, 2007). Consequently, Sheila’s two children, ages 7 and 9 were removed from her care by Child Protective Services when her addiction because noticeably clear and she started losing control in bringing the kids up. Though Sheila admits the stand of the Child Protective Services is legal, she seriously feels that she needs her children back under her care. This is because the situation makes Sheila feel even more irresponsible, disrespected and guilty. Apart from drug addiction and the separation of her children from her, Sheila has also separated with her husband and this situation also causes her a lot of worry. Because of the separation of both husband and children, Sheila sees herself as an outcast and this demoralize her a lot. She feels reje cted and even cheated for losing her children. Sheila addiction has taken from her some degree of social recognition and respect. What worsens her situation are her biopsychosocial stressors which includes, peer pressure, poverty, depression, low self-esteem and lost of dignity. However, despite all her problems, Sheila possesses some excellent qualities. This is a confirmation of the saying that â€Å"nothing is all wrong: even a stopped clock is right twice a day†. Among other things, Sheila is courageous, loving,

A Discussion of Corporate Tax Evasion and Legal and Ethical Research Paper

A Discussion of Corporate Tax Evasion and Legal and Ethical Considerations - Research Paper Example Firstly,understanding the means by which the tax base exists and funds public goods that benefit each and every citizen is a starting point upon which the reader should consider. Firstly, these tax dollars are ultimately not sent into oblivion to fund pork only pork barrel spending projects that many of the news outlets would have the citizen believe; rather, they are utilized as a means to provide highways, schools, equip law enforcement and firefighters, and provide for the national security of the nation. In such a way, the reader can seek to understand the severe implications of seeking to deprive the system of these funds and the way that it is ultimately reflected back into the community or region in which the corporate entity operates, draws from the labor pool, and provides for the education that it relies upon to recruit talented individuals. Whereas tax evasion is most commonly thought of on a personal basis, the fact of the matter is that personal tax evasion pales in comp arison to the untold millions, billions, even possibly trillions of dollars that go unaccounted for due to intricate accounting mechanisms, offshore accounts, and outright dishonesty with regards to the level of profits that many firms are willing to admit to the government. Although it is not the purpose of this research to identify the core level and underlying reason why this practice is so often engaged and to such a degree, it does not require a great deal of research or analytical thinking to categorize the answer to such a question within the framework of the rational actor approach.Within such a framework, the self interest of profit maximalization and/or greed comes to be seen as the main reason why such a practice is engaged with. (Slemrod 880). One of the most famous and primary ways that corporations seek to shirk their tax burden and responsibility is by utilizing offshore tax havens to hide and/or minimalize their profits (Martinez-Vazquez & Rider 56). This serves two functions. The first is of course to reduce the overall tax burden that will be affected for the fiscal year; whereas the second is to outright hide millions or even hundreds of millions of dollars outside of the purview of the tax system (Tzur 58). Such an approach is utilized by a great many corporate entities within the United States due to the fact that it is not expressly illegal to utilize tax havens as a means of minimizing the total amount of taxes paid. Such a level of tax dodging has meant that firms such as Google and Pfizer have been able to dodge billions in tax bills within just a few years

Philosophy 1 - Term Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Philosophy 1 - Term Paper - Assignment Example That is deductive argument. However, if the process were done backward, then that would be inductive argumentation. There are three perennial issues philosophy has always been concerned and trying to resolve until now. The first issue is the meaning of life, which philosophy tries to find value and reason, or purpose, for one to exist. The next issue is the origin of life, which philosophy searches for understandable answers as to where do all life and existence begin or come from. The last issue is the question of reality. Philosophy seeks to understand whether what we know and experience with our perception actually exists, not merely appears. The cosmological argument for the existence of God states that the world or the cosmos most probably had a creator, a first cause, an unmoved mover who created everything that exist, which is attributed to God. On the other hand, the ontological argument would infer God’s existence through the a priori way of reasoning, wherein the human person can grasp the concept of a God, thus, there must be a God. The four ethical systems are the Aristotelian Golden Mean, Confucian Golden Rule, Natural Law Ethics and Kantian Categorical Imperative. The Aristotelian Golden Mean is all about doing things in balanced measure, never doing any act that is too much or too less but doing what is just enough. The Confucian Golden Rule speaks of doing what is right to others if one were to expect good from others as well. The Natural Law Ethics rules that since nature and the universe moves in an orderly manner, we must act in accordance as such. The Kantian Categorical Imperative asserts that an individual’s morality is absolute and unconditional in any circumstances The Western view of evil is that the existence of Evil is the absence of what is good. That means, an action that is void of any good

Creating Powerful Performance Profiles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Creating Powerful Performance Profiles - Essay Example The talent director will use his skills to coordinate all programs on this direction. Once a year, the director reviews the standard recruiting procedures. In addition, there is a two week time frame for developing recruiting strategies for each sector within the organization. The talent director is has one month to source candidates for any vacancies. This occurs through advertisements, screening, interviews and pre-employment procedures. Three days after being engaged, new employees will be required to undergo in-house training programs to acquaint them with operations within the organization. This requires the talent manager to fully understand all operations in order to offer effective guidance to new employees. The talent manager will use his understanding of HR related laws and regulations in ensuring that the organization fully abides to every requirement. Monthly reviews are conducted with the aim of gauging the performance of the department in this respect. On the weekly briefings with the top managers, the talent director informs the management on the all new developments regarding the department. In addition, the talent director prepares performance reports on monthly basis which are supplied to the management of the organization. On this, the director puts into use the skills on communication and collaborative engagement. As a sales executive, I will be required to find market for the car company which sells vehicles in the region. This will also involve arranging and coordinating client demonstrations while providing them with competitive options and quotations. In addition, the sales executive will also be required to create an effective sales staff by providing quality guidance on the recruitment, interviewing and training of all the sales staff in the organization. Lastly, the sales executive prepares accurate weekly reports to the management while also preparing elaborate monthly report on the overall performance of

Philosophy 1 - Term Paper Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Philosophy 1 - Term Paper - Assignment Example That is deductive argument. However, if the process were done backward, then that would be inductive argumentation. There are three perennial issues philosophy has always been concerned and trying to resolve until now. The first issue is the meaning of life, which philosophy tries to find value and reason, or purpose, for one to exist. The next issue is the origin of life, which philosophy searches for understandable answers as to where do all life and existence begin or come from. The last issue is the question of reality. Philosophy seeks to understand whether what we know and experience with our perception actually exists, not merely appears. The cosmological argument for the existence of God states that the world or the cosmos most probably had a creator, a first cause, an unmoved mover who created everything that exist, which is attributed to God. On the other hand, the ontological argument would infer God’s existence through the a priori way of reasoning, wherein the human person can grasp the concept of a God, thus, there must be a God. The four ethical systems are the Aristotelian Golden Mean, Confucian Golden Rule, Natural Law Ethics and Kantian Categorical Imperative. The Aristotelian Golden Mean is all about doing things in balanced measure, never doing any act that is too much or too less but doing what is just enough. The Confucian Golden Rule speaks of doing what is right to others if one were to expect good from others as well. The Natural Law Ethics rules that since nature and the universe moves in an orderly manner, we must act in accordance as such. The Kantian Categorical Imperative asserts that an individual’s morality is absolute and unconditional in any circumstances The Western view of evil is that the existence of Evil is the absence of what is good. That means, an action that is void of any good

Deconstruction of Trailer †Fight Club Essay Example for Free

Deconstruction of Trailer – Fight Club Essay At the start of the trailer for Fight Club it starts with the logo stating â€Å"Regency† and next the trailer introduces the character named Tyler quoting â€Å"I want you to hit me as hard as I can, how much can you know about yourself if you’ve never been in a fight† this showing that Tyler Durden played by Brad Pitt is one of the main characters in the film as he is shown first and with the quote showing that it’s a hard hitting film and that it gives you a rough idea of what’s going to happen. Next would be the mise-en-scene the film starts off with the two main characters standing outside having a conversation. The whole trailer has quite a low saturation of colour so connotes that it a Rolla coaster of a film that includes elements such as dark humour, fights, mental illnesses such as Insomnia, Schizophrenia and multiple personality disorder and inappropriate scenes and also the second main character which would be The Narrator who doesn’t have his name mentioned played by Edward Norton. In the film, sound plays a big role weather it being the narrator talking or the smashing of glass, shouting, songs it gives the film effect for example let’s start with the narrator and how he speaks it gives a sense of knowing and what the narrator says goes for example with the quote â€Å"This is your life and it’s ending one minute at a time† showing how he see’s things, how things are and that it isn’t all fantasy. Next would be the conversations, arguments and occasional smashing of glass this shows that by all of this being in the trailer it would make people watch from the beginning till the end as audience would want to know more of what they are about to watch. Lastly in the end of the trailer the song by â€Å"The Pixies; Where’s my Mind† this song is fitting to the whole story as the film shows all different mental disorders and how life is. First off I’m going to start off with the editing, with fight club It’s a good example of angels and shots a few I picked out from the film would be Shot Reverse Shot, Cross Cutting, Establishing Shot, Reaction Shot and also a POV Shot. In the first few seconds of the trailer it examples an Establishing shot where the two main characters are talking it’s a wide angled shot where it shows everything on what happening with the characters.

Relationship Between Ontology Epistemology And Methodology Philosophy Essay

Relationship Between Ontology Epistemology And Methodology Philosophy Essay There is no doubt that one can only grasp the sociological knowledge when examining the process of thoughts that stand behind every single research in social science. In essence, the ontological and epistemological positions represent the basis of the work of political scientists. On the surface, these positions are often not apparent but they can be demonstrated by the process of methodology. Therefore, it is, to a large degree, necessary to apprehend the connection between the foundations of research. The first part of this essay will focus on the definition of the these key concepts of research: ontology, epistemology and methodology. Furthermore, the essay will examine and evaluate the connection between the ontological and epistemological positions, such as Positivism and Interpretivism. Secondly, the essay will concentrate on the analysis of the relationship between these three stances in terms of social research. It will be argued that there is a close and logical relationship between the ontology and epistemology but also methodology, however some other perspectives will be take into account as well. Ontology and epistemology play very significant role in philosophy but also in the work of political scientists because both terms are used in relation to the discussion of theoretical issues in their thesis. It can be argued that these theoretical positions are fundamental to their process of research and scientists inclination to subject as they shape the approach to theory and the methods that are employed by social scientist (Marsh Furlong, 2010: p. 184). It is vital to recognize that both ontology and epistemology are mainly based on the researchers beliefs and personal persuasion about the conception of world and have certain methodological consequences (Hay, 2002: p. 61). The first term ontology can be used to relate to the scientific and philosophical theory of being. It primarily deals with the elementary structure of the world and what exactly does it signify to exist in that world. In other words, ontology is concerned with the question: is there a real world out there that is independent of our knowledge of it? (Marsh Furlong, 2010: p. 185).1 To point out, there are two distinct ontological positions: firstly, foundationalism postulates that the real world exists as a mosaic which is consisted of various substances existing in the world, individually of human experience, knowledge and thought; secondly, anti-foundationalism predicates that the real world does not occur independently of our knowledge, however it is socially constructed by human actors (Grix, 2004: p. 61). It must be noted that the ontological issues have substantial theoretical significance. To a certain extent, ontological matters are inextricably linked with the epistemological foundation of research. The second term epistemology represents the theory of knowledge and its epistemological assumption is focused on the study of the nature of the world and how we know what we know (Marsh Furlong, 2010: p. 185), so it is directed at knowledge-gathering process (Grix, 2004: p. 63). In case of epistemology, there are also two major epistemological positions being associated to foundationalist and anti-foundationalist ontology: firstly, positivist epistemology2 views the world as existing independently of knowledge of it (Marsh Furlong, 2010: p. 190), therefore the objectivity is achievable due to the fact that the things are perceived by individuals in the identical manner; secondly, interpretivist epistemology3 concerns with the disputability of objective or value-free observation which is largely influenced by the personal perceptions and social constructions of the world. The key aspect of this argument is that the essence of the world is illuminated by various actors whose interpreta tions are construed by the observer, therefore this double hermeneutic4 results in limited objectivity (Grix, 2004: p. 81).5 The term methodology arises from the ontological and epistemological position of the researcher, therefore it is more than evident that between ontology, epistemology and methodology is close interconnection. Methodology is mainly associated with the design of the research, and the approach to data analysis. Furthermore, this term is generally employed to refer to the whole process of data collection in the research. It is indispensable to realize that certain types of epistemologies require the specific use of survey methods (Hay, 2002: p. 63).6 ____________________________________________________ 1 In terms of political realm, the ontological question can be formulate as: what is the nature of the social and political reality to be investigated? (Hay, 2002: p. 61) 2 Positivism results from the empiricist tradition of natural science and emphasizes that there is analogy between social science and natural science; hence according to positivists view, the relationship between social phenomena may be formed, using theory to generate hypotheses which can be tested by direct observation (Marsh Furlong, 2010: p. 194). From this follows, that the real world exists and represents an objective entity, therefore it is possible to perceive the reality around us, independently of our knowledge of it. In positivism, quantitative research tools 7 are involved in order to be able to generalize and replicate collected data. It is important to underline that the main aim of positivists is to explain a particular behavior rather than the meaning of this behavior (Marsh Furlong, 2010: p. 194). 3 On the other hand, Interpretivism (or Relativism) is characterized by its denial of objective real world. According to interpretivists, the real world does not exist as it is constructed through the interactions of individuals (Grix, 2004: p. 83). Additionally, it is impossible to use a pure observation in order to perceive social phenomena, mainly because they are dependent on the personal interpretation. So it might be said that every observation affects what is observed thus objectivity cannot be maintained considering that researcher are not detached from the subjectà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Grix, 2004: p. 83). In interpretism, qualitative research methods8 are applied to create a more precise understanding of social behavior and clearly ignore aspects, such as the meaning and explanation of that behavior. 4 The term double hermeneutic relates to the act of interpreting an actors perception and interpretation (Interpretation 1) of his or her situation in a particular context (Interpretation 2): effectively an interpretation of an interpretation (Grix, 2002: p. 81); therefore this double interpretation is less unbiased and objective than the initial interpretation. The Analysis of Relationship between Ontology, Epistemology and Methodology It is essential to highlight that the relationship between the key terms ontology, epistemology and methodology is directional in the way that ontology logically precedes epistemology which logically precedes methodology (Hay, 2002: p. 63). Furthermore, these concepts should be set apart considering that they are inextricably linked (Grix, 2004: p. 60). According to Marsh and Furlong, ontology and epistemology represent a skin not a sweater therefore it is clearly impossible to put on and take off these research foundations whenever the research chooses (Marsh Furlong, 2010: p. 184). This reflects the methodological consequences of different positions and indicates that researchers demand various positions in order account for their selected method. Nevertheless, the ontological positions are very significant in terms of interrelationship between epistemology and methodology, thus it could be said that certain ontological positions result in epistemological positions. It is worth noting that the foundationalists beliefs (ontology) represent a premise for positivist or a realist traditions (epistemology) of research whereas the anti-foundationalists views result in an interpretivist position. This implies that there is strong link between all components of research, therefore it is vital to approach these major blocks of research col lectively. According to Mason, the role of epistemology lies in the fact that it leads to creation of knowledge and explanations about the ontological components of social world (Grix, 2004: p. 64). Moreover, it is substantial to realize that there might be more than one particular epistemology, thus at the same time they will not be analogous or coincident with their own ontological position. However, it is clear that various epistemological positions require to employ a divers methodology, therefore it can be argued that there is dependency between epistemology and methodology.7 To a certain extent, this means that different ontological and epistemological positions can result in completely diverse views of the same type of social phenomena. Another relevant point is that Spencer raises a very apt question: how can we have a theory about what knowledge is, without some presupposition about the nature of the knowledge? (Marsh Furlong, 2010: p. 188) Therefore, in Spencers opinion, ontology is prior to epistemology so that knowledge can be logically generated from their close relationship. While these two concepts are narrowly related, they have to be kept separate in order to start the research from a persons view of the world (Grix, 2004: p. 66).8 Conclusion In conclusion, it is extremely crucial to recognize that these three theoretical positions play a pivotal role in a set of conceptions concerning the research theory. Due to the high level of generality, ontology is a type of concept that is rarely utilized. However, epistemology and methodology are used more frequently. Most importantly, otology, epistemology and methodology are interlinking and dependent on each other and together denotes the most important contrasts between various ways of knowing. Finally, Marsh and Furlong maintain a position that there is an evident interdependence between epistemology and methodology, also Hay sees a directional dependence in relation to ontology, epistemology and methodology. However Smith advocates that it is not possible to create a hierarchy between these terms because all of them are narrowly interrelated together. ____________________________________________________ 5 In a sense, epistemology can be employed in the connection with positivist epistemology which means that the knowledge claims basically are grounded on the universal principles of the natural science. The most crucial point is, therefore, that the ontological assumptions made about the nature of the reality and world, in some way, have far-reaching consequences for the chosen epistemological position. 6 In case of a positivist epistemology, the research methods are in form of surveys and questionnaires in order to be analyzed quantitatively. Whereas, a interpretists epistemology uses methods, such as participant observations and unsystematic interviews to gain quantitative analysis and data. 7 In Brymans view, there is nothing inherent in the properties of the different methodologies which prevents their use by researchers who are operating from different epistemological positions (Read Marsh, 2002: p. 232-3). 8 On the other hand, it is crucial to highlight that some scholars, such as Smith, consider ontology and epistemology as two interconnected realms. According Smiths view, neither ontology nor epistemology [is] prior to the other, but instead [he] sees the two of them as mutually and inextricably interrelated (March Furlong, 2010: p. 188). From this statement follows that it is not possible to undermine the importance of ontology at the expense of epistemology or the other way around, therefore ontology cannot be considered as prior to epistemology. Appendix Appendix 1: The Definition of Qualitative and Quantitative Data in Social Research 7 When qualitative data is adopted in social science as a way for conducting an experiment or analysis, its aim is principally to create a complete and detailed description for a particular fact. Qualitative data is presented in form of words and images. In this case, the knowledge claim can be supported by individuals who develop subjective and direct concern with the meaning of involved experience in order to understand the complexity of views. Therefore, it is important for researcher to become subjectively engaged in the subject matter (Grix, 2004: p. 117-8). 8 The quantitative data has a very straightforward purpose, to classify features, count them, construct statistical model in an attempt to explain what is observed. For that reason, quantitative data involves numbers and statistics. This type of data reflects a need to explore causes that affect certain results, thus the assumption is also based on thorough observation and measurement of objective reality in the world. The researcher, in this instance, tends to be objective in terms of the concerns (Grix, 2004: p. 122). However, as it follows from the description of qualitative and quantitative data, the major difference between these two types of data lies in their distinct functions. It is quite essential to realize the fact that qualitative data is related to research that inclines to use an inductive approach to develop theory; therefore the researchers gather the data from the study of a particular sample of people and maintain an understanding of social behavior as it arises from this data. On the contrary, quantitative data is involved in research that is directed to deductive approach, using predominantly hypothesis and examining it in order to prove true for the general sample (McBride Schostak, 2011).