Is It Out Right to Deny a Right?

Jensen 1 Ellie Jensen Dr. Rubina Khan English 121 8 July 2012 Is it Our Right to Deny a Right? On May 17, 2004, Marcia Hams and Susan Shepherd became the first same-sex couple to accomplish a state-sanctioned marriage in the United States, according to Time Magazine’s article, â€Å"A Brief History of: Gay Marriage†. Gay marriage was first brought to national attention in 1993, when a judge in Hawaii ruled that a same-sex couple was not permitted to get married on account of the state's constitution.The ruling of the judge persuaded Congress to create the 1996 Defense of Marriage Act, which prevented homosexual couples from receiving benefits traditionally granted by marriage. Since then, states have interpreted their own viewpoint on the issue. However, same-sex marriage proceeds to remain illegal in 44 states at the present time (Sullivan 1). America has supported equal rights since the nineteenth century, including the separation between contrasting races and genders , however, America is facing the ongoing battle of samesex marriage.According to Connecticut Post’s article, â€Å"Same-sex marriage: A Constitutional Right†, only 6 states allow same-sex marriage in America at the present time. The Constitution exists to provide structure for the entire country and its citizens. It protects certain rights, ensures state laws do not violate them, and forms a fair government. In the past, the Supreme Court has verified 14 times that all citizens have the right to get married. Nevertheless, 44 states deny citizens their right to marry someone of the same-sex due to the fact that it violates religiousJensen 2 morality, weakens the definition and respect for the institution of marriage, and it weakens the traditional family values that America has. Despite that, any law banning same-sex marriage exploits the privileges of the citizens and denies people equal rights under the protection of the law. Although the popular vote is necessary in some cases, citizens should not be able to take away the freedom of speech and expression from other individuals that have different opinions and interests (Benedosso 1).During the recording of â€Å"The View†, President Barack Obama announced, â€Å"I want everyone treated fairly in this country. We have never gone wrong when we’ve extended rights and responsibilities to everybody. That doesn’t weaken families, that strengthens families† (Killough 1). Furthermore, same-sex spouses pay as much as $6,000 per year in extra taxes since the government refuses to recognize gay marriage, according to Cable News Network’s article, â€Å"Same-Sex Spouses Lose Big On Taxes†.Due to the fact that same-sex couples are not allowed to file their federal returns jointly, they do not receive tax benefits in the same manner as heterosexual couples do (Benedosso 1). â€Å"It’s costing these families thousands of dollars a year, as well as the emotiona l pain and suffering,† said Ken Weissenberg, a partner at the accounting firm, EisnerAmper. In addition, same-sex couples are not permitted to inherit a shared home, assets, or personal items in the absence of a will after an unexpected death (Ellis 1).They are also not allowed to assist their spouse in paying off their debt, take medical leave to care for a sick spouse or for their kids, cover their families on their health plans without paying taxes on the coverage, nor eligible for Medicare and Medicaid coverage, and many employers do not cover domestic partners or their biological or non-biological children in their health insurance plans (Bernard 2). On top of that, same-sex couples can be denied or disfavored inJensen 3 their applications for public housing, denied the automatic right to joint parenting, joint adoption, joint foster care, and visitation for non-biological parents, and denied withdrawal rights and protective tax treatment given to spouses with regard to I RA's and other retirement plans (Bernard 3). According to Cable News Network’s article, â€Å"Denied Divorce: Some same-sex couples wed-locked†, several states in America do not grant divorces for same-sex marriages that occurred outside of the state’s borders.Same-sex couples can currently marry in six states. There is no residency requirement to get married in those states, which is how many same-sex couples are able to get married in the first place. However, if a marriage was to fall apart in a state that does not recognize the couple’s legal status, they will not be able to dissolve their marriage. â€Å"In order to get a divorce from a same-sex partner, they would have to live in a state for six months to two years†, said Susan Sommer, director of constitutional litigation at Lambda Legal (Landau 1).Since several states in America do not allow same-sex marriages, many people do not understand why states are not willing to dissolve these marri ages (Landau 4). As Obama announced in Cable News Network’s article, â€Å"Obama Calls For Marriage Equality†, all citizens should be treated equally in America. However, as shown in this paragraph, same-sex couples are not receiving the same rights as other citizens that marry the opposite sex. America has always expressed itself as a free and equal country.Nevertheless, same-sex couples proceed to travel around the country to marry the individual that they desire to spend the rest of their lives with. As the 14th Amendment declares, â€Å"No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to Jensen 4 any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws†.Any law banning same-sex marriage exploits the privileges of the citizens and denies people equal rights under the prot ection of the law (Benedosso 1). Jensen 5 Works Cited Benedosso, Michael. â€Å"Same-sex Marriage: A Constitutional Right. † Ctpost. com. Hearst Communications, 12 Aug. 2010. Web. 25 June 2012. . Bernard, Tara Siegel. â€Å"The High Price of Being a Gay Couple. † Nytimes. com. New York Times, 2 Oct. 2009. Web. 26 June 2012. . Ellis, Blake. â€Å"Same-sex Spouses Lose Big on Taxes. CNN. com. Cable News Network, 31 Dec. 2011. Web. 25 June 2012. . Killough, Ashley. â€Å"Obama Calls for Marriage Equality, Says ‘I Want Everyone Treated Fairly'† CNN. com. Cable News Network, 14 May 2012. Web. 25 June 2012. . Landau, Elizabeth. â€Å"Denied Divorce, Some Same-sex Couples ‘wed-locked'† CNN. com. Cable News Network, 7 June 2012. Web. 25 June 2012. . Sullivan, Justin. â€Å"A Brief History Of: Gay Marriage. † Time. com. Cable News Network, 22 May 2008. Web. 25 May 2012. .

Middle passage of slavery

One of the dark periods of the world’s history is the trading and exploitation of black slaves. The economic expansion in Europe and America through agricultural lands brought a growing demand for labor hands. European traders seized the opportunity by supplying Africans to be sold as slaves. Sources included Kongo and Ndongo (which now became Angola) and Senegal, although major trading took place ion the Atlantic Coast of Africa. As demands for slaves increased, trading spread in Eastern Africa (Perry 227).   Nowhere can one find a more profitable business than slave-trading during these period, which remarkably spanned for about four centuries (15th to 19th century) of continuous trading, estimated to reach about 20 million slaves (Ferguson and Bruun 569). At the height of trading during the 17th to 18th century, a trader who sold one male slave is guaranteed to make more than enough a year’s earnings. In England, a trader can even gain respectability since its society saw nothing wrong with this kind of business and was not regarded as illegal. It is not surprising therefore that many Europeans were lured by the promise of making a big fortune out of slave trading, to the detriment of Africans who were taken captive. The desire to make a sizeable amount of money and the insensibility of land owners had blinded them to see that these Africans were fellow human beings and should be treated humanely. A significant aspect of the entire process involved partnering with Africans. While it is shocking to see how one race could brutally treat another, it is more startling to see how a fellow African could exploit its own kind. Fellow Africans play a key role in helping European traders to succeed. They are responsible for the capture of their own countrymen, snatching and detaining them to a slave factory located at the western coast of Africa (Hibbert 127). Many do not reach the coast, since they could not survive being forced to march as far as 1,000 miles chained and with little food. Those who do were forcibly held in the factory, where working conditions were deplorable and food was scarce. Detention could range from a number of weeks to a year. These African human smugglers would exchange their ‘goods’ for guns, fabrics, metal products for weapons and farm tools, beads, or even cowry shells and other insignificant items brought by their European counterpart (Perry 2 29). Slave trading then became a lucrative business. There were written accounts of the horrific conditions with which captured Africans were subjected to. One captive slave named Olaudah Equiano vividly described through his own experience, the ordeal of many African slaves (Winds of Revolution 123). For this reason, some slaves had come to regard death a blissful way of ending the hardship. From the onset of their captivity to the point of slavery, slaves were deprived of any right to choose for themselves. Slaves were regarded more as a piece of property than a worker. Men, women, or children, common or of noble descent, all were taken captive for selling. Their ‘fate’ totally depended on the hands of their captors and ‘owners’ (Ferguson and Bruun 569-590). I. The Slave-Trade Route and The Middle Passage The course of trading by the Europeans involved different stages. The Middle Passage was usually associated with the trans-Atlantic shipment of human cargoes either to the Americas or the Caribbean. Strictly speaking however, the term was used to describe the second of a three-part stage of a trading process which includes the transportation of captured Africans. This also meant that traders are able to make a big size of income since every stage is able to produce a large amount of profit. The first part starts with the Europeans carrying goods to Africa that will be used to trade-in for the African slaves. Upon completion of negotiations, the now empty vessel is now replenished with purchased humans. The Middle Passage or otherwise known as the â€Å"middle† leg then begins — the second part of the trading route. This voyage would often take two to three months before reaching America or other destinations in Europe. During bad weathers, the trip could stretch as long as four months. Those who survive the trip were sold and the huge profit was used to purchase products such as sugar. The traders will make another huge profit, as they sell these goods in their return trip to Europe, the last part of the voyage (Winds of Revolution 122). II.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Conditions During the Voyage Those taken to the slave ships were treated worse than animals. The decks were cramped and did not leave much room for standing. Men and women in shackles were packed closely. They were required to lie on their backs, with their heads on another slave’s leg. Such a horrible position caused them to lie down on human discharges of another’s feces, urine, and at times even blood all throughout the passage. The air was putrid for breathing. Consequently, such poor conditions in cargo ships led to the rapid spread of diseases that took the life of many these people. Those who died were thrown overboard to keep sickness from spreading further. In order to control any rebellion, the crew often resorted to cruelty. Women were often abused sexually. The poor physical conditions within the ship, the lack of food, the cruelty of their captors, and the uncertainty of the future caused others to attempt suicide. Traders however, would want as much as each slaves to survive, simply for profit’s sake. When a slave attempts to commit suicide through self-imposed starvation, the method of force-feeding was used.   Others sought death by jumping off the ship. If it is of any consolation, members of the crew’s ship were treated just a little better than the slaves. Others also experienced being severely beaten by their captain. One account even records of a crew who sought his watery death than continue the agony of being repeatedly beaten (Winds of Revolution 124-129). III.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Reason for Choosing Africans as Slaves When Spain and Portugal took off plans for exploration, it ended in human exploitation. As they reached and colonized parts of the Americas, Native Americans proved extremely difficult for forced labor since they were unaccustomed to agricultural work. They also exhibited poor resistance to Old World diseases. Their familiarity of the surroundings made it extremely difficult for the Europeans to prevent them from escaping. Meanwhile, a small portion of Africans slavery was already being practiced in its outposts in Africa. Europeans had taken the idea from an African practice of enslaving war prisoners.   African characteristics were also observed to be a lot better: Africans were found to be more useful and stronger than the Native Americans. Since they were used to a hotter climate and agricultural work, Africans did not easily fell prey to European diseases. All these factors caused Europeans to rely more on Africans for slavery. IV.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Conclusion The practice was deeply rooted in greed. Actions to counter slavery met with great resistance and were relatively slow. It even tore America apart during a bitter civil war. The dispute concerning slavery continued for many generations between those who are for or against it. England passed the abolition of slavery in 1833 and anyone caught violating the law was fined as much as â‚ ¤ 20 million (Checkland 341). Other European nations also followed suit. Towards its abolition, great damage was already done on the economic, political, and social aspects of Africa. Since wealth was concentrated on slave-trading and possessed only by a few hands; acquired wealth was not used for the development of the land to benefit its entire society. Africa lost much of their human wealth and for four hundred years, suffered the consequences — losing potential leaders and good laborers for its own advancement. Those transported became alienated from their culture of origin (Perry 231). As for the following generations of those people who were transported, the struggle still continuous for people of color even thousands of years after the abolition of slave trading in America and the Western countries. Many still feel the sting of living from the taint of stereotyping created by the past. It left a legacy of racism present in some parts of society today. Although the practice should remain buried in the past, looking back on this bitter history should keep aflame all efforts to prevent it from recurring again. Traders before referred to it as a necessary evil. However, no amount of reason should be sufficient enough to allow anyone to exploit or even look down on its fellow human being. Works Cited: Checkland, S.G. The Rise of Industrial Society in England, 1815-1885. Great Britain: Longman, 1964. Cowell, Alan. Killing the Wizards. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992. Ferguson, Wallace, and Geoffrey Bruun. A Survey of European Civilization 3rd ed. USA: The Riverside Press, 1958). Hibbert, Cristopher. Africa Explored: Europeans in the Dark Continent (1769-1889). London: Penguin Books Ltd., 1982. Perry, Marvin. Unfinished Journey: A World History. USA: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1983. Winds of Revolution AD 1700-1800. USA: Time-Life Books, 1991.

Client Understanding Paper

University of Phoenix ACC/541 Client Understanding Paper As per your request of an analysis of the following topics: Adjusting lower of cost or market inventory on valuation, Capitalizing interest on building construction, Recording gain or loss on asset disposal, and Adjusting goodwill for impairment. The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) established clear guidelines addressing the items mentioned above. I will outline that FASB generally accepted accounting standards (GAAP) affect each area, and how these improvements to the company will benefit the company’s financial health (FASB, 2010). The methods of inventory valuation are different according to companies, but at the end of the day the chosen method should be consistent each year according to the general accepted accounting principles. A manufacturing company will generate inventories for finished product, raw materials and work in progress, so lowering the cost of market inventory can be very intimidating and consuming. Inventories and prepaid expenses present some additional valuation issues. With the emphasis on net income reporting, the inventory valuation process has become secondary to the matching of expired inventory costs to sales. The use of any of the acceptable inventory flow assumption techniques prescribes the amount that remains on the balance sheet, and it is likely that each of these flow assumptions will result in different inventory valuations in fluctuating market conditions. In addition, the accounting convention of conservatism requires that a lower of cost or market valuation be used for inventories (Schroeder, Clark, & Cathey, 2005). Using the first-in-first out (FIFO) or the last-in-first-out (LIFO) method is the perfect way to identify the cost of each inventory item. â€Å"A valuation method (e. g. LIFO, FIFO, average cost and specific identification) is used to compute the cost of the inventory dollar amounts and then it is compared to the market dollar amount. † LIFO is not commonly used because the last goods purchased are the first to be sold. The inventory at the beginning of the year will have the earliest goods purchased acquiring a valuation of an early price. FIFO is better used for lowering cost especially during periods of increase prices. It is also important to identify a method for valuing the items in the inventory and calculating the cost of goods sold. This can be done through the cost method, the lower of cost or market and the retail method. â€Å"A valuation method is used to compute the cost of the inventory dollar amounts and then it is compared to the market dollar amount. The lower of the two amounts must be used when recording inventory. † The cost method involves all direct and indirect costs to acquire the inventory. The cost of the products purchased consists of the invoiced purchase price minus discounts or trade with and addition of transportation, shipping additional cost incurred for attaining the product. Lower of cost or market method â€Å"determine the market value of each item on hand as of the inventory date, compare the market value with the cost of each item, and use the lower of the two as the inventory value of that item† (Hagen, 2005). The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AIPCA) in conjunction with the Financial Standards Accounting Board (FASB) issued ARB No. 3 that lower of    cost or market rule apply to all inventories. Lower of cost or market aspect (LCM) is also supported and defined by SFAC No. two and SFAC No. 6. The LCM rule considers the market that purchases and sells the inventory. In general, the conservatism principle applies to LCM method of accounting. Conservatism principle directs a company to choose the more â€Å"conservative† dollar amount when considering two amounts that represent inventories. This helps a Company to report accurate losses on their income statement. To determine LCM, one must also consider net realizable value (NRV). This value represents the selling price of inventories minus the fees associated with completion of sales. The NVR is key to determining true LCM. Conclusion of market value also refers to an items current replacement cost. This cost falls between the NRV (ceiling value) and the floor value (NRV- normal profit). Inventory cost adjustments are required by accounting standards. Incorrectly reporting inventory values at higher levels is a fraudulent act (with harsher penalties under Sarbanes Ox). Inventory valued at $10 with a true value of $5 is a punishable event (FASB, 2010). When a building asset is developed, a vast amount of time is required between the start and completion of the project. Normally the cost of should include all cost to prepare the asset for its useful life of the asset or for sale. The capitalization of interest cost on a building give a guideline on the amount of interest to be capitalized and for the financial statement disclosure. The expenditures must be qualified ahead of time, activities must be in progress and the company must be paying interest. Capitalization ends when the building fully constructed and is in use. Interest is not capitalized on inventories manufactured on a repeated basis or if the building is acquired using gifts or grants under restriction by the donor or grantor. â€Å"When additional financing is incurred after construction expenditures have begun, a firm may capitalize interest on construction expenditures either using an end-of-period average interest rate that includes all financing outstanding at the end of the period (general or specific, as appropriate) or using only the finance outstanding when the construction expenditure was made. Scofield, 2004) The average capitalized rate can be computed using the weighted-average or the specific method. If you were to purchase a building after it was completed, the sales price would include all costs (plus a profit to the seller). Part of the costs in building something is the interim borrowing costs†¦ in this case, the construction loan. Adding the loan to the other costs (brick, mortar, labor) is called â€Å"capitali zing† the interest expense. This creates a higher cost basis for the building and can be â€Å"recovered† through the depreciation expense deduction (over the life of the building). The three main events in the life of an asset are the acquisition, useful life, and disposal or retirement. At the end of an asset’s life, gain or loss of its disposal is recorded. A gain or loss will take place at the disposal of any assets and should be logged as journal entry along with any related incidental cost. The unrealized gains and losses are noticed according to its earnings. All changes whether upward or downward that involves investment shares are shown as income or losses with a change in market value that requires an adjustment to its carry value. At the time disposal there can either be a gain or loss or no gain or loss. Schroeder, Clark and Cathey states that all unrealized gains and unrealized losses will be valued the same for asset valuation purposes. For trading securities, the gains and losses are noticed in those periods in which they occur; for these assets the method is consistent with other accrual accounting requirements. A consistency with the SFAC No. six definition of comprehensive income is determined because comprehensive income is determined by the changes in net assets and would include changes in the market values of assets. For trading securities, no further masking of gains against losses that occurred under the aggregate valuation approach of SFAS No. twelve is needed. Goodwill for impairment must be assessed by companies at least once per year. If an impairment of goodwill the carried amount will be lessened and there will be recognition of impairment loss. Goodwill for impairment test must be recorded as reporting units. These could be the company’s operating segments identified under SFAS 131, or a â€Å"component† of a reportable operating segment as defined in paragraph 30 of SFAS 142. (Huefner and Largay III, 2008). Goodwill is comparing each unit’s estimated fair value of the reporting unit with the unit’s fair values of its identifiable net assets. This process and the process of allocating purchase price differentials of asset acquired, goodwill and liabilities assumed is very similar. The total of the tentative assignments of goodwill to reporting units can surpass the total goodwill recorded by the total entity but when this occurs, the tentative unit assignments are reduced in some reasonable fashion to make the sum equal to the total recorded goodwill (Huefner and Largay III, 2008). Losses on impairment cannot be changed but according to Schroeder, Clark and Cathey, an impairment loss for goodwill should be reversed only if the specific external event that caused the recognition of the impairment loss reverses. A reversal of an impairment loss should be recognized as income in the income statement for assets carried at cost and treated as a revaluation increase for assets carried at revalued amount. At the end of the developing period, the annual impairment test is done on an aggregate basis, which means an increase in goodwill on some books annot offset impairments found in other units. Huefner and Largay III also states that given the potential significance of the change in the accounting treatment of a major asset, the authors expected to observe numerous large impairment write-offs due to implementing the new standard, and large increases in net income because of eliminating goodwill amortization as an expense. In conclusion assets involving current assets, long-term investments, fixed assets, and intangible assets at some point can be changed into cash. Intangible assets except goodwill can either be determinable or indeterminable useful lives. Schroeder, Clark and Cathey explain that those with determinable useful lives are written off over the period of benefit. The cost of acquiring goodwill as well as intangible assets with indeterminate useful lives, is not amortized. References Schroeder, Richard G. , Clark, Myrtle W. , and Cathey, Jack M. (2005). Financial Accounting Theory and Analysis, The Development of Accounting Theory. Financial Accounting Standards Board. 2010). Financial Accounting Standards Board home. Retrieved April 5, 2010 from, http://www. fasb. org/. Scofield, B. (1994) Full disclosure of interest capitalization decisions. The National Public Accountant. Retrieved on April 5, 2010 from http://www. allbusiness. com/accounting. Huefner, R. J. , Largay J. A. (2008). The CPA Journal. The Effect of the New Goodwill Accounting Rules on Financial Statements. Retrieved on April 5, 2010 from http://www. nysscpa. org/cpaj ournal/2004/1004/essentials/p30. htm Client Understanding Paper University of Phoenix ACC/541 Client Understanding Paper As per your request of an analysis of the following topics: Adjusting lower of cost or market inventory on valuation, Capitalizing interest on building construction, Recording gain or loss on asset disposal, and Adjusting goodwill for impairment. The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) established clear guidelines addressing the items mentioned above. I will outline that FASB generally accepted accounting standards (GAAP) affect each area, and how these improvements to the company will benefit the company’s financial health (FASB, 2010). The methods of inventory valuation are different according to companies, but at the end of the day the chosen method should be consistent each year according to the general accepted accounting principles. A manufacturing company will generate inventories for finished product, raw materials and work in progress, so lowering the cost of market inventory can be very intimidating and consuming. Inventories and prepaid expenses present some additional valuation issues. With the emphasis on net income reporting, the inventory valuation process has become secondary to the matching of expired inventory costs to sales. The use of any of the acceptable inventory flow assumption techniques prescribes the amount that remains on the balance sheet, and it is likely that each of these flow assumptions will result in different inventory valuations in fluctuating market conditions. In addition, the accounting convention of conservatism requires that a lower of cost or market valuation be used for inventories (Schroeder, Clark, & Cathey, 2005). Using the first-in-first out (FIFO) or the last-in-first-out (LIFO) method is the perfect way to identify the cost of each inventory item. â€Å"A valuation method (e. g. LIFO, FIFO, average cost and specific identification) is used to compute the cost of the inventory dollar amounts and then it is compared to the market dollar amount. † LIFO is not commonly used because the last goods purchased are the first to be sold. The inventory at the beginning of the year will have the earliest goods purchased acquiring a valuation of an early price. FIFO is better used for lowering cost especially during periods of increase prices. It is also important to identify a method for valuing the items in the inventory and calculating the cost of goods sold. This can be done through the cost method, the lower of cost or market and the retail method. â€Å"A valuation method is used to compute the cost of the inventory dollar amounts and then it is compared to the market dollar amount. The lower of the two amounts must be used when recording inventory. † The cost method involves all direct and indirect costs to acquire the inventory. The cost of the products purchased consists of the invoiced purchase price minus discounts or trade with and addition of transportation, shipping additional cost incurred for attaining the product. Lower of cost or market method â€Å"determine the market value of each item on hand as of the inventory date, compare the market value with the cost of each item, and use the lower of the two as the inventory value of that item† (Hagen, 2005). The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AIPCA) in conjunction with the Financial Standards Accounting Board (FASB) issued ARB No. 3 that lower of    cost or market rule apply to all inventories. Lower of cost or market aspect (LCM) is also supported and defined by SFAC No. two and SFAC No. 6. The LCM rule considers the market that purchases and sells the inventory. In general, the conservatism principle applies to LCM method of accounting. Conservatism principle directs a company to choose the more â€Å"conservative† dollar amount when considering two amounts that represent inventories. This helps a Company to report accurate losses on their income statement. To determine LCM, one must also consider net realizable value (NRV). This value represents the selling price of inventories minus the fees associated with completion of sales. The NVR is key to determining true LCM. Conclusion of market value also refers to an items current replacement cost. This cost falls between the NRV (ceiling value) and the floor value (NRV- normal profit). Inventory cost adjustments are required by accounting standards. Incorrectly reporting inventory values at higher levels is a fraudulent act (with harsher penalties under Sarbanes Ox). Inventory valued at $10 with a true value of $5 is a punishable event (FASB, 2010). When a building asset is developed, a vast amount of time is required between the start and completion of the project. Normally the cost of should include all cost to prepare the asset for its useful life of the asset or for sale. The capitalization of interest cost on a building give a guideline on the amount of interest to be capitalized and for the financial statement disclosure. The expenditures must be qualified ahead of time, activities must be in progress and the company must be paying interest. Capitalization ends when the building fully constructed and is in use. Interest is not capitalized on inventories manufactured on a repeated basis or if the building is acquired using gifts or grants under restriction by the donor or grantor. â€Å"When additional financing is incurred after construction expenditures have begun, a firm may capitalize interest on construction expenditures either using an end-of-period average interest rate that includes all financing outstanding at the end of the period (general or specific, as appropriate) or using only the finance outstanding when the construction expenditure was made. Scofield, 2004) The average capitalized rate can be computed using the weighted-average or the specific method. If you were to purchase a building after it was completed, the sales price would include all costs (plus a profit to the seller). Part of the costs in building something is the interim borrowing costs†¦ in this case, the construction loan. Adding the loan to the other costs (brick, mortar, labor) is called â€Å"capitali zing† the interest expense. This creates a higher cost basis for the building and can be â€Å"recovered† through the depreciation expense deduction (over the life of the building). The three main events in the life of an asset are the acquisition, useful life, and disposal or retirement. At the end of an asset’s life, gain or loss of its disposal is recorded. A gain or loss will take place at the disposal of any assets and should be logged as journal entry along with any related incidental cost. The unrealized gains and losses are noticed according to its earnings. All changes whether upward or downward that involves investment shares are shown as income or losses with a change in market value that requires an adjustment to its carry value. At the time disposal there can either be a gain or loss or no gain or loss. Schroeder, Clark and Cathey states that all unrealized gains and unrealized losses will be valued the same for asset valuation purposes. For trading securities, the gains and losses are noticed in those periods in which they occur; for these assets the method is consistent with other accrual accounting requirements. A consistency with the SFAC No. six definition of comprehensive income is determined because comprehensive income is determined by the changes in net assets and would include changes in the market values of assets. For trading securities, no further masking of gains against losses that occurred under the aggregate valuation approach of SFAS No. twelve is needed. Goodwill for impairment must be assessed by companies at least once per year. If an impairment of goodwill the carried amount will be lessened and there will be recognition of impairment loss. Goodwill for impairment test must be recorded as reporting units. These could be the company’s operating segments identified under SFAS 131, or a â€Å"component† of a reportable operating segment as defined in paragraph 30 of SFAS 142. (Huefner and Largay III, 2008). Goodwill is comparing each unit’s estimated fair value of the reporting unit with the unit’s fair values of its identifiable net assets. This process and the process of allocating purchase price differentials of asset acquired, goodwill and liabilities assumed is very similar. The total of the tentative assignments of goodwill to reporting units can surpass the total goodwill recorded by the total entity but when this occurs, the tentative unit assignments are reduced in some reasonable fashion to make the sum equal to the total recorded goodwill (Huefner and Largay III, 2008). Losses on impairment cannot be changed but according to Schroeder, Clark and Cathey, an impairment loss for goodwill should be reversed only if the specific external event that caused the recognition of the impairment loss reverses. A reversal of an impairment loss should be recognized as income in the income statement for assets carried at cost and treated as a revaluation increase for assets carried at revalued amount. At the end of the developing period, the annual impairment test is done on an aggregate basis, which means an increase in goodwill on some books annot offset impairments found in other units. Huefner and Largay III also states that given the potential significance of the change in the accounting treatment of a major asset, the authors expected to observe numerous large impairment write-offs due to implementing the new standard, and large increases in net income because of eliminating goodwill amortization as an expense. In conclusion assets involving current assets, long-term investments, fixed assets, and intangible assets at some point can be changed into cash. Intangible assets except goodwill can either be determinable or indeterminable useful lives. Schroeder, Clark and Cathey explain that those with determinable useful lives are written off over the period of benefit. The cost of acquiring goodwill as well as intangible assets with indeterminate useful lives, is not amortized. References Schroeder, Richard G. , Clark, Myrtle W. , and Cathey, Jack M. (2005). Financial Accounting Theory and Analysis, The Development of Accounting Theory. Financial Accounting Standards Board. 2010). Financial Accounting Standards Board home. Retrieved April 5, 2010 from, http://www. fasb. org/. Scofield, B. (1994) Full disclosure of interest capitalization decisions. The National Public Accountant. Retrieved on April 5, 2010 from http://www. allbusiness. com/accounting. Huefner, R. J. , Largay J. A. (2008). The CPA Journal. The Effect of the New Goodwill Accounting Rules on Financial Statements. Retrieved on April 5, 2010 from http://www. nysscpa. org/cpaj ournal/2004/1004/essentials/p30. htm

Why study abroad Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Why study abroad - Assignment Example It is one of the vital factors in almost every person’s life. This opinion is dependable as the aspect of studying abroad could give the international students an opportunity to live and study the diverse environment, meet new people who come from different socio-economic backgrounds, learn new languages, exchanging of cultures, development of skills and self, and enhancement of an individual’s future. As many of the youth today have more interest in learning foreign language, their efforts of becoming fluent in their second or third languages is becoming high. This is just the starting point of developing interest in going outside the borders and study abroad. â€Å"Traditional Chinese culture places well-educated scholars in the highest social rank. Academic achievement is also an honor to the family. Dedication to scholarship becomes not only a personal goal but also a culture goal for Chinese international students†, according to Twombly, Salisbury, Tumanot, & Klute (2012). Unarguably, since time immemorial education has been playing a vital role in the lives of so many people. It has soon become the top priority for most parents in the contemporary society to ensure their children get the best education, which is a necessity in the modern society. Coming to the subject of studying abroad for any level of education is now becoming one of the hottest topics today in China notably among students who would wish to study abroad. The argument of studying abroad is always surrounded by preferences of choice among the students for workforce and life. The question being asked is whether studying abroad has any benefit to the students. I believe that college education is a prime time for individuals to have new experiences and learn more than just academics. I feel it provides an individual time to learn about

Marketing Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Marketing - Case Study Example Being the member of G8 and OECD, Canadian economy is mostly a service based economy however, due to large natural resources; Canada is also an economy with established manufacturing base. Canadian firms working in electricity manufacturing have been slow in responding to the global changes and as a result of this also lost their share in global market. Such lack of quick responsiveness to the changing customer needs therefore have been taking its toll on firms as despite having enormous natural resources this sector is still lacking behind in terms of productivity and efficient production. (Negru 1990) Traditionally, Canada’s electronics manufacturing sector has relied heavily on exports from US however; it has now shifted to the developing countries.1 Firms like Nortel, RIM and other manufacturers have been successfully operating in the electronics manufacturing sector. However, due to global shifts in the overall dynamics of the sector, this industry in Canada is losing its ground despite the fact that it is 6% of the manufacturing GDP of Canada. Consumers are becoming aware of the overall impact of traditional sources of energy have on the environment and there is now growing concern for producing and procuring green electricity resources. Such awareness of consumers therefore forces many Electronics manufacturing firms to look for ways which can actually reduce the damage to the environment. Since supply chain management forms one of the essential strategic operations for manufacturing and even service oriented firms, its greener management is one of the key industrial market issues for the firms. (Kim and Min 2011) One of the key concerns for the Canadian electronics manufactures is the high cost of energy and the need to become competitive are the key drivers which are actually causing Canadian manufacturers to go for greener supply chain management practices. What is critical to understand however, is the fact that the same may not be feasible for the suppliers to such manufacturing firms as compliance with greener supply chain practices can increase the cost for the suppliers.2 Large firms in industry however, are also focusing on rewarding their suppliers if they adapt to the green supply chain management practices. By rewarding the suppliers, Canadian manufactures are actually providing a pricing advantage to their suppliers so that the overall marketing relationships remain competitive. There is also a greater marketing challenge for firms in Canada because green supply chain management requires firm to make a transition towards greener marketing and hence towards green organization. More industrial buyers are now actually demanding to purchase green electricity as most buyers are now focusing on reducing their carbon footprint. Such emphasis towards green electricity usage therefore may further create challenges for firms. Such inter-linkages therefore suggest that the firms must strategically take all the steps require d to achieve strategic objectives of the firm. The difficulty to integrate all the aspects of industrial marketing therefore forces firms to not to go for green supply chain management practices. Since green energy sector is also heavily regulated therefore suppliers as well as buyers will have to comply with different regulatory requirements. Compliance with

Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 26

Education - Essay Example nderstand the role of language in the learning process as supported by McConachie and Petrosky (2010) who claim that â€Å"content knowledge cannot be separated from the language to represent it† (p.4). Van Lier and Walqui (2012) also stress the importance of content language by asserting that student comprehension of numerical, graphical and algebraic illustrations is in many cases a product of verbally working out the problems the help of a teacher or peer then articulate such understanding through language. However, even as student’s grasp of the technical language is important, this must be enabled through a well-prepared lesson plan. Therefore, giving student teachers adequate time and flexibility to assess student needs is essential as it allows a teacher to undertake adequate background check on students’ prior academic learning. A teacher trainee can also undertake a reconciliation of state standards and the various developmental, personal and cultural dispositions of the students in order to create teaching resources and approaches that reflect to specific needs of the students (Feiman-Nemser, 2003). Although the requirements of the New York education department through the curriculum provides important guidelines for a teacher to identify essential teaching and learning experiences for the learners, there are some differences at the level of school and individual students that must be considered when planning for a lesson. Therefore, the requirements for a lesson p lan provide teachers with the power to determine complexities that might require changes for them to be implemented successfully. Videotaping of the teaching process helps in creating evidence that the teaching process actually took place. However, this has no real value to educators especially since it provides room for teacher trainees to edit the content until they feel they have a perfect copy. Therefore, the videotape can be considered as being unnecessary for educators, as there are

Cse Study Analysis Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Cse Study Analysis Economics - Essay Example Instead the use of oil and gas has kept growing over the years. Though the oil price are now on a declining trend, but in the recent past the world was worried by the way oil prices started marching upward, touching a level of about $130. Events following the mortgage crisis have now led to a fall in oil prices, thus making the OPEC nations sit up and take note. Price of any commodity in general is determined by the law of demand and supply. As per this law, 'all other factors remaining constant, the higher the price of a product, the less number of people will demand it. Or in other words, the higher the price, the lower the quantity demanded.' But if we look at the historical perspective, it is found that oil, the source of energy has also defied this law. The demand for oil continued to increase even when the prices kept increasing. With majority of the share going in favor of Middle-East nations, the oil is not only the source of energy, but in today's global scenario, it has become an important source of political power as well. As pointed out in the case study, US is one of the largest consumer of oil from OPEC nations, therefore the recession hit economy of US has certainly led to an economic downturn all over the globe in varying degrees. But if we take a historical perspective we find that till the early 1970s, the prices of crude oil kept hovering around $15-20. But the huge strength of oil was realized by the oil producing nations in 1973, when they all decided to stop exporting oil to US and other western nations, in retaliation to the US assistance to Israel in the Yom Kippur War1. Oil prices started moving upward all around the globe as it became a much desired commodity in the consumerist society in western nations. Since then the OPEC nations have seen many ups and downs. With leadership positions in oil production, many OPEC members have seen tremendous growth and advancement during the last 2-3 decades. OPEC-SWOT analysis Strengths i. About five decade old organization: OPEC came into being in the year 1960, with Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela as the founding members. The stated objectives of the intergovernmental group are to co-ordinate and unify petroleum policies amongst member countries, so that a fair and stable price can be extracted for petroleum products. Later on some more countries joined the group, thus providing the group further strength. The fact that, despite many hiccups during all these years, the group has been able to able to sustain its monopolistic standing and continues to define the oil prices, speaks volumes about its clout in world affairs. ii. Well-knit grouping: Though Ecuador and Gabon had to leave the grouping on account of some differences of opinion, but the rest of the group is still intact all through these years, despite having serious differences amongst some nations like Iran and Iraq, Kuwait and Iraq etc. The group seems to have developed good mutual understanding on protecting the economic interests of the member states. iii. Big say in deciding oil prices all over the world: OPEC certainly has a control in deciding about the oil prices and quantity to be produced in such a manner that while fulfilling the demand for fuel, the member states are also able to command a good price for the product. iv. Membership has a Premium Value attached with it: Though many countries have been

Do human beings need illusions or fictions in order to live life Term Paper

Do human beings need illusions or fictions in order to live life meaningfully Why or why not Discuss by drawing on the work of two philosophers we have discussed this to defend your claim - Term Paper Example With this, it can be claimed that meaningfulness is often defined in relation to an ideal figure or state. While this may not necessarily imply that the ways to a meaningful life should be similar to all people, it highlights the fact that its primary characteristics should be. Thus, more often than not, we use certain standards to evaluate a person’s life. In our evaluation, however, we do not consider the four facets equally. Typically, we rank the facets this way, from most important to least important: spiritual, personal, social, and professional. Thus, it is our idea of morality that usually influences our judgment of a meaningful life. Simply put, to live a meaningful life is to live a moral life. Morality, loosely defined, is the practice of good habits, freely and knowingly. Indeed, for a person to be moral, not only must he know the conceptual differences between good and evil, he must also wholeheartedly do good acts. Through this example, we can see the interrelated roles of knowledge and freedom in the formation of good character in a person. With this, it is the formation of good character that is regarded to be the concrete manifestation of a meaningful life. It is in the acquisition of virtues, which is a result of having done wise decisions in life, that makes a person truly happy. While we all agree that it is natural for us to choose to do the good, understanding why and how we do so is hard. Thus, it is in the intention we possess and the quality of good acts we do that ultimately define our character. And this is where the big issue starts. In this essay, we aim to shed light on the nature of a meaningful life (in the context of moral life) by looking at theistic and existentialistic positions. As for the existentialistic positions, we examine the teachings of Sartre and Kierkegaard. In the end, we intend to prove that morality can be accessed and practiced

Ethics and Professional Code of Conduct Research Paper - 1

Ethics and Professional Code of Conduct - Research Paper Example Police chiefs and Sheriffs are responsible for integrity, ethics and morality in the police force. However, they are unable to supervise the juniors effectively necessitating other approaches like training. According to Popa, Naghi and Isopescu (2012), professional ethics is from the Greek words â€Å"Deontos† and â€Å"Logos† meaning, â€Å"What must be done† and â€Å"the science of†. It includes a set of rules and regulations, which all professionals in the government including the police must follow at all times. The objective of the professional code is to ensure professionals respect the rule of law, the natural law and moral rule (Popa, Naghi and Isopescu, 2012). Rule of law dictates what is right and wrong in accordance to the law (Popa, Naghi and Isopescu, 2012). The natural law dictates what is right or wrong naturally and morality dictates what is right or wrong basing on the accepted principles (Popa, Naghi and Isopescu, 2012). Professional ethics and integrity are important to the police for many reasons. One, the police swear to protect the interests of the people in a given jurisdiction when starting their career. In this case, they are indebted to ensure that all people feel safe in their homes businesses and across the jurisdiction (Kadleck, 2003). Second, failure to follow the set rules and laws may lead to injustice even when the police officers have good intentions (Kadleck, 2003). Thirdly, lacks of ethics and professional code of conduct weaken the society (Kadleck, 2003). In this case, when people realize something bad is happening in the society, they do not report because they know the relevant authorities will not address the issue accordingly. For example, when a person breaks the law and instead of police officers arresting and charging the person, they take bribe and free the person. If the society gets to know of such things, they would be sceptical

Fire Truck Pumps and Operations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Fire Truck Pumps and Operations - Essay Example Unlike a Positive Displacement Pump, a centrifugal pump may be described as a rotodynamic pump which facilitates a rotating impeller to increase the pressure of the fluids. The fluid would enter the pump impeller close to the rotating axis and is accelerated by the impeller, flowing radially outward into a diffuser or casing. The main purpose or aim of the centrifugal pump is to provide the required pressure to move liquid at the desired pace. Centrifugal Pumps can further be subcategorized to include; end-suction pumps, in-line pumps, double-suction pumps, vertical multi-stage pumps, horizontal multi-stage pumps, submersible pumps, self-priming pumps, axial-flow pumps and regenerative pumps. Despite the differences between these types of pumps, both of them complement each other in order to get the job done. Characteristics of the Positive Displacement Pump include; the ability to pump air, they have a small amount of slippage and also have a fixed displacement of water. The advanta ges of the Positive Displacement Pumps are the disadvantages of the Centrifugal Pumps which cannot pump air and are capable of 100% slippage. Fire trucks may be defined as specifically designed vehicles responsible for fire extinguishing and performing rescue attempts. This vehicle is equipped with all the required resources/materials needed to aid in fire extinguishing. There are a variety of uniquely engineered fire trucks which come in all shapes, colors and sizes. The Emergency-One (E-One) pumper/tanker was engineered with its own uniqueness. Kevin Bonsor, author of ‘How fire engines work’ (n.d.) declared that the main function of the... The researcher aims to discuss the structure and mechanism of fire engines, that can carry their own water supply or be able to pump their own water. This essay describes a positive displacement pump and a centrifugal pump which complement each other. The positive displacement pump is one that primes and has high pressure. Positive displacement pumps fall into three main categories; reciprocating, metering and rotary pumps. These pumps are operated by forcing a fixed volume of fluid from the inlet pressure section of the pump into the discharged zone of the pump. Frequent in hydraulic systems-these pumps can reach maximum pressure of 5000 psi and positive displacement pumps recon to be larger than equal capacity dynamic pumps. Usage of the pumps on the pumper/tanker engine is very straight forward. Upon the scene of the fire, the first and most thing the pump operator will perform is to make sure that the valve between the tank and pump is open. This is done by flipping a switch whic h is located on the right side of the pump. Then, the operator will check to ensure which lines have been pulled off the fire engine by the firefighters, and the operator will discharge those lines. To make it easier the lines are color coded so the operator knows which lines to discharge and the color of the line corresponds to a plate below each lever on the pump panel. The process of discharging is controlled by a built-in electronic device, called a mastermind. As such, it automatically controls the pump, and runs the pressure up or down.

Current Themes in Business Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Current Themes in Business - Dissertation Example Public relations is also another important aspect of social media for firms. Firms that are smart know how to use social media to make sure that they are able to create a positive public image that the customers can relate to. This is actually very important because as Ernest (2011) says, it will not matter whether a firm actively uses social media or, not, the firms will be affected by the issue, negative if it does not have a proper social media strategy in place.As has already been identified, social media can offer the firm with feedback from customers, whether positive or negative. Social media today is the best way for any firm to measure the temperature out there in the market and therefore know how to react to the issues in the market. The objective of this research is to identify the ways in which the social media is effective with regard to affecting business and to identify how business can use social media to advance their interest, serve their customers in a better way a nd inverse their profits. It will seek to identify the ways in which the modern business, big or small can benefit from the social media while at the same time, taming the negatives of the social media. In this regard, it will seek to identify both the opportunities and the threats that the social media platforms provide the modern business and then identify the ways in which the business can take advantage of those opportunities and at the same time neutralize the threats.

Effects of Terrorism Essay Example for Free

Effects of Terrorism Essay Victims of terrorist attacks by the year 1985 was at 816 people, in 2001 the number of deaths rose to 3,295 because of the attacks on the 11th of September, 2001. 2996 people died on this day. More than 1,000 people died because of acts of terror in 2003. Nobody expects this kind of stuff to happen. But since it does happy, people have to live in fear, and worry about â€Å"what if† this happens again. A lot of people are even the government are constantly asking themselves â€Å"are we ready? †. This can happen any time, and any day. There is no way to really prepare yourself since you don’t know when and what will happen next. It is believed that terrorist strike for a couple different reason. There are a lot of people in the world who hate the United States and would risk their life as a suicide bomber. They use murder, kidnapping, hijacking, and bombings to perform these attacks. â€Å"The single biggest threat to U. S. security, both short-term, medium-term and long-term,† President Barack Obama said April 11, is the possibility that terrorists might obtain a nuclear weapon. The second biggest threat to world history’s mightiest military state, it goes without saying, are terrorists without nuclear weapons but armed with box-cutters, rifles or homemade explosives. In order to solve the problem of terrorism , the root of the problem must be found. People start to apply terrorism to certain races, religions, and nationalities because the cause is not exactly known. Doing so and blaming one nation, may make them angry and want to fight back which will lead to terrorism. After the September 11 , 2001 attacks, the government knew that things had to be different. Security almost everywhere was stepped up and there was a lot of changes taking place. If you flew on an airplane before 9/11 and then flew again after, you would definitely notice the difference. There used to be a fairly fast security check out at the airports. Now, there are hours of security procedures that are required before you are able to pass security and board your flight. Simple things such as fingernail clippers could be confiscated because they pose a threat. This isn’t only limited to airports though. When you attend a large event, such as, lets say a football game, you will noticed a high presence of security there too. None of these security measures existed before terrorism. It’s all a matter of cause and effect. Terrorism has been around for a very long time, but has been on the rise in the last 10 years. Nobody knows what causes a terrorist attack. Some people say it has to do with race, nationality, or even religion. If a terrorist doesn’t like the way that a government works, that right there could be another reason. Due to all the terrorist attacks, security almost everywhere has been upped. Terrorism has no warnings, and can happen anytime. It endangers the life of every person in the United States. Since there is no warning, the best thing is to just know what to do when a terrorist hits, and with all the recent attacks, and the security being upped, hopefully we are just one step closer to solving this problem.

Nursing Practices of Alternative Medicine

Nursing Practices of Alternative Medicine Mental Health: Integrative Care Lauren Lane Katie Palmer Integrative care encompasses the nursing practices of alternative medicine. This includes acupuncture, aromatherapy, guided imagery, and many more types of therapies. These therapies are usually centered on the individual patient, and holistically address their variety of needs, including physical, mental, and spiritual foci (Halter, 2014, p 637). We will address nonconventional treatments and explore the different approaches, safety, and nursing care associated with integrative care practices. It is only recently that the United State’s western views of medicine have expanded to include complementary medicine. Western medicine is based on a more scientific approach with highly controlled experiments and research. Complementary medicine comes from mostly non-western sources and is based on nature and its interplay with energy (Halter, 2014, p 638). There was two billion dollars awarded to complementary research in 2011 and the studies results showed that we could neither prove nor disprove complementary medicines worth as a healing tool. There are many who do believe that complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) helps them. According to halter, 38% of adults and 12% of children use some type of CAM therapy (Halter, 2014, p 639). It is more widely used among women and mostly used for musculoskeletal problems. We have yet to discover the full effects and responses to CAM, which is still a complicated and controversial matter for the healthcare field. Some of the reasons patients are so attracted to CAM is that it allows them to take action in their own care. CAM also has lower risks than many therapeutic approaches and drug regimens. It is less expensive and provides an alternative to conventional medicine when they are out of options or may have previously had negative experiences with western medicine. As nurses, we can be informed about CAM and help consumers to make smart decisions to complement or give alternatives to routine therapeutic approaches. Our biggest concerns are safety. CAM is still unregulated and not guaranteed to work. Many consumers believe what they read on the Internet even though it may not be accurate information. Just because a supplement is natural or organic doesn’t mean that it is harmless. These natural supplements need to assessed and monitored just like a medication. We also face patients that put off treatment and self treat with alternative therapies that may or may not help their conditions, especially in cases of mental health issues (Halter, 2014, p 640). As costs rise for conventional medicine in the United States, more and more consumers are moving toward alternative therapies. Only some of the alternative therapies are covered by insurance, and this is going to depend on what type of insurance the patient has, or if they have insurance at all. There is a large claim that CAM’s proposed effects are only due to the placebo effect (Halter, 2014, p 640). This is when a type of therapy works for an individual to some degree when the therapy is actually nothing; a placebo. Many believe this is due to the optimism and positive approach to CAM that can often occur. The American Nurses Association (ANA) recognizes integrative care in the profession of holistic nursing. This is an approach that involves the person as a whole, and their biocultural influences. It allows the nurse to view the patient as more than a sum of their parts and all the dimensions that can affect that individuals well being (Halter, 2014, p 642). Nutrition is a very big part of a person’s well being, and has been widely researched. Many people with illnesses can benefit from diet and nutrition changes; research shows that a diabetic patient benefits from a diabetic diet and lower glycemic index foods. Alternative therapies involving nutrition take this same approach to aid in treatment for a variety of disorders. For example, many people believe gluten free diets help children diagnosed with autism, but there has been no concrete evidence to support that claim. There are a lot of diet therapies associated with depression and other psychiatric disorders. Vitamins, supplements, and herbs are some examples of potential alternative therapies one might chose. Many of these can interact with medications and should be initially assessed in every patient. The patient may not recognize that they need to tell the healthcare provider or nurse that they are taking these alternative supplements and need to be asked specifically. There are many common types of integrative therapy that are common to society today. Herbal therapy includes the uses of herbs like St. Johns wort, which is used for pain and mood stabilization. Ginkgo biloba is another common herb that is used for memory. Many of these have side effects and interactions just like any other medication and should be treated as such. Meditation is a mind and body therapy that involves focusing and deep breathing, which is used to help calm the person. Acupuncture uses needles at pressure points to relieve pain and many other disorders (Halter, 2014, p 644). Aromatherapy is a popular therapy using essential oils on the skin or with a diffuser to target senses that results in a variety of effects such as calming, sleep, energizing and so on. Energy therapies such a Reiki are an expanding alternative therapy that nurses can take classes in. This requires energy manipulation and therapeutic touch as a means to heal and bring wellness to a person depending on their chief complaints. There are many different patients that can benefit from these therapies. Dominantly, psychiatric patients seem to use alternative therapies more than those of any other disorder or illness (Halter, 2014, p 644-645). Depression and anxiety are the main focus. When caring for these patients we would want to make sure we assess the patient for use of alternative therapies, this includes supplements, herbs, and other preferred methods of therapy. This may include doing a cultural assessment of our patient, who may prefer or already be performing alternative therapies based on their beliefs of medicine and health. Diagnosis for this patient might consist of cultural implications like the balance and harmony of nature with the body. In planning and implementing our patient’s care we will want to be sensitive to their preferences of therapy and their cultural values. This could entail a patient with different religious values, like a Jehovah witness who does not accept blood products. When western interventions are not accepted due to religious values, alternative therapies could ne used when planning their care. Alternative therapy may also not be the only therapy being implemented. It can complement medication regimens or other types of western-based therapies, such as the patient undergoing cancer treatment and also taking part in meditation and yoga. Nurses need to assess patients for interactions and different side effects when a patient is using integrative therapies. Not only do nurses need to assess the medication effects but they also need to evaluate for patient outcomes. Is the alternative therapy helping the patient? How does the patient perceive the therapy? Is this therapy safe? These are important aspects to think about when undergoing the nursing process with alternative therapy practices. Overall, alternative therapies are becoming more widely popular due to rising costs and limits of western medicine. Alternative therapy has become a common aspect of the nursing assessment and may coincide with cultural or religious views. Psychiatric patients tend to most use alternative therapies and should be considered along with their care (Halter, 2014, p 647). By being aware, informed, and knowledgeable of integrative care nurses can best serve patients holistically and maximize their safety and wellness. References Halter, M. J. (2014) Varcarolis, Foundations of psychiatric mental health nursing: A clinical approach, 7th ed. St. Louis: Saunders Elsevier.

Electronics Global Strategy In Emerging Markets Marketing Essay

Electronics Global Strategy In Emerging Markets Marketing Essay In 1947, LG was born as the Lak Hui Chemical Industrial Co. by Mr. In-hwoi Koo for manufacturing cosmetic creams. After that, the company produced radios, TVs, refrigerators, washing machines, and air conditioners as Goldstar Co. (currently LG Electronics) in 1958. The LG group was a merger of 2 Korean companies, Lucky and Goldstar; the current LG brand name was acronym from the name of these companies. With more than 82.000 employees and 110 subsidiaries and marketing units all over the world  [1]  , LG Electronics Inc. (LGE) was a successful company of Korean electronics that got the revenues of more than $43 billion  [2]  . Its products involve 4 strategic business units: Mobile communications, Digital appliance, Digital display, and Digital media such as CDMA handsets, DVD players, air conditioners, micro ovens, consumer electronics, and so on. In this report, we are going to discuss the key strengths of the Korean electronics industry during their formative years and how firms leverage these advantages to enter developed country markets. After that, the report mentions particularly about the strategic growths of LG Electronics to approach the emerging markets; and we are going to find out the commonalities across its strategies in the BRIC countries. Finally, the report will be ended with the points of learning that can be distilled from its success in emerging market and if these advantages help firms to compete in developed country or not. PART II Case Question 1 What were the key strengths of Korean electronics industry during the formative years? How did firms leverage these advantages to enter developed-country markets? During the formative years, almost Korea electronics is an Original Equipment Manufacturer such as Goldstar, Samsung, and Zenith; which received orders from global companies. This should bring them a lot of experiences on customer demand, the characteristic of markets, the customized products of some countries. The combination between innovate and education policy encouraged more students for technical education, the low-cost skills of Korean employees, the access of effective technology across all firms, the strongly development of technology in all country. Korea electronics companies can learn quickly knowledge, technologies, skills from Europe, US, Japan because government allows these foreign firms become joint venture with domestic firms. For example: LG Hitachi, Deawoo GE, Samsung Sanyo, so on. Besides that, government also focused on most sectors of Electronic industry of country, so they supported so much to develop this industry. Foreign investment was supported to develop the intermediate parts and component industry, while prohibiting foreign investment in companies producing finished goods. Korean firm with letters of credit for exports automatically received access to preferential loans. Export companies were exempted from various indirect taxes and received tax breaks for depreciation and tariff payments; they also had access to duty-free imports of capital goods. Government helped to encourage firm creating their local RD. With the developing and investment of technology, some firms stared to export their products by their own logo, not as OEM anymore like LG and Samsung. Because they were OEM of some global markets, so they already had the reference of consumers and global standards. After that, with many supporting of government, they had their manpower supplying with skills and abilities from university. Government has the tax breaks for depreciation and tariff payments for exporting companies. And the RD department had enough experience to recognize the market and give the best solution for company. As the Glodstar product lines, LGE established a central RD to develop and manufacture color TV (CTVs), VCRs and computers. PART III Case Question 2 Were there any distinct patterns in terms of the companys approach to emerging markets? Trace the commonalities across its strategies in the BRIC countries. Brazil Brazil is a country in South America wide more than 8.5 million km2, rich in mineral resources, population 190 million people with diverse cultures. Brazil is the leading economy in Latin America, ranking 10th in the world. Brazil chooses the path of economic model: fast growth with the advantage that fast economy flourishes, the growth rate in average income is very high. Besides that, government has some regulations to promote investors such as preferential tax rates, land subsidies in country, especially in some underdeveloped rainforest region. With these advantages, LG began attacking the Brazilian market in the mid-1990s. But during that time, Brazil also faced a lot of difficulties. Because their economic model is fast growth, so it also makes unequal economic, political; social increasingly fierce; the quality of life is not considered. At the late 1990s, almost global companies had to exit the market because of very high import tariffs, significant competition from the gray goods market, very low brand awareness. Inflation rate increased with high speed, local currency became unstable, exchange rates started to plummet with increasing levels of uncertainty. LG decided to make a long-term strategy, and also expanded their brand name in India. They had 2 factories in Manaus and Taubate to produce their products, this strategy made Brazil as a regional manufacturing hub to serve South America and US markets. LG also let Brazilian government know that they are a credibility partner in term of national growth by join with government to combat the problem of the rampant smuggling of gray market goods. Everybody knows that Brazil is a country passionate about soccer, Brazilian live for football. So LG had one strategy to reach millions of football fans sponsored a football club in Sao Paulo that most popular among the top clubs in the country  [3]  . By providing official uniforms with the LG logo for Sao Paulo club, LG get the instant brand recognition and fixed image in consumer. India LG began in 1993 as a form of joint venture with a consumer products company named Bestavision. They chose the Goldstar line of products to distribute in India. Since the government allowed foreign companies set up their own firms without local partnership, and the business of LG and Bestavision failed, LG decided to launch LGE India Ltd. (LGEIL) in 1997 with their own wholly owned subsidiaries in India. There were many challenges that LG had to overcome like: low brand awareness about LG brand name; LG was one of the last MNCs entered in India; high import duty of government; price sensitiveness of the Indian consumer and competitors. Following the global strategy, LG still entered and focused on the rural market. Because there are a lot of competition from local and global players in urban market; big population of rural market but also large untapped; etc. There is 1 year for them to set up manufacturing operations in Greater Noida to manufacture televisions, washing machine, etc. to over some the high import rate cost. At the first time, LG created an RD teams by local employees to customizing its products lines to meet local needs. It helped LG distribute their existing products and also customizing the new unique characteristic of products that matched the consumers expectations. This is an important resolution for LG to achieve both objectives: marketing and produce. LG had differentiated its product using technology and health care system like golden eye technology of CTVS, health air system for air conditionals, so on. They focus on emphasizing good-quality products, with prime technology and network. For customized products, they did not cut prices in manufacture existing product lines, but they decided to built new version with less material cost and also catch the needs of consumers. They kept the engineered quality of the appliances and focused on value engineering and design to manufacture at the lower cost. Such as microwave ovens with cooking menu including 77 kinds of Indian dishes  [4]  , television is displayed by 10 regional languages, washing machine with sari cycle, and so on. It helped LGEIL have all levels of consumers, especially low-class consumers, because company served exactly the need of them high quality but not expensive products. The price range of the products of LG India is quite reasonable and affordable so as to make it easier for every class of people to go for it thereby increasing the consumer level. For example, the price of Sampoorna reduces from 9000 to 5050. This shows R D team has worked very well and complete their tasks, it helps the production of LG reasonable based on deep understanding of Indias cultural and linguistic diversity. LG Company invested and created the distribution network encompassing with 65 Remote Area Offices, 60 central area offices, near to 4.000 access points in all areas, and they also had their online channel lgezbuy.com to provide information of products, comparison of prices and qualities across geographic, accept the individuals buyers. These regional distribution networks helped LG E to penetrate the B, C and D markets faster and wider. http://htmlimg3.scribdassets.com/6q46i2mohe5bi0w/images/14-631b49b1d4/000.png As same activity in Brazil, LG started sponsoring to catch more customers. LG became the largest single sponsor of cricket in the world, although they came from a country where cricket was not played. It immediately attacked to millions of cricket fans in this country and prelude to the success of the cricket-game TV set lines. LG also brought their products to 4 capitals of Indian cricket team for endorsing. Another strategy for other field of India, LGEIL promoted their products by Indians leading film stars. This is considered the largest film producer in the world by number of films produced annually and the number of tickets sold at cinemas, it has its owned name Bollywood to describe the effective to local consumers. After that, LG had another long-term strategy in trying to care about the social welfares in India initiatives. It created a friendly look to the company, people knew that company really did not just trading on their own country, but also cares for their lives. They subsidized the primary school education and books for children, built a village school. While most of employees of company in India were local people, they provided medical clinics for the health care strategy to employees as well as the local community. Also there were some basic levels, but LG shown that their corporation social responsible done well. As mentioned above, LGEIL put local employees staffed as the main labor force in their manufacturing. With the local employees, company could get great resource of engineering and design skills. LG Indias purposing is satisfying the needs of its consumers not only in the domestic market but all across the globe. Company is trying to make India as their training hub for global strategy. The company had begun rotating some of these managers into positions in third countries in the middles east and Africa. This is one of advantages of LG to acquire a leading position by providing fast and innovative techniques on their products. They always create new products with the best technology possible. Russia LG first entered Russia for the purpose to sale products; they imported goods manufactured from other countries and sale in Russia. Not the same as Brazil and India, LG operated themselves in and around the city of Moscow, and they just focused on Goldstar brand. LG set up an RD center and regional office in St. Petersburg for their first strategy. Till Russian engineers were known for their ability and skills in technology, company looked for talent employees to support their global employees. LG promoted their reputation by opening LG brand shops, retail channels with LG brand portfolio, culture marketing events such as LG festivals, cooking events, and so on. 1998, Russia was affected by the severe economic crisis; it made Russia faced the debt moratorium problem. This was the time LG shown their long-term strategy and loyal attitude to all Russian local and government. The more they pushed the mode of operation to dominate the market dropped; they enhance the image with consumers through the sponsorship of events, more carefully to the requirements for each market. These activities created a foundation for their premium strategy and image to local. In 2005, government allowed company to use the Narodnaya Marka logo for their products. This is an important event for LG officially recognized as a national brand, the successful of foreign company of their localization strategy. China In this market, LG first reason for entering china is lower-cost production, and they spent a lot of time to understand the local market conditions and assessing the feasibility to be successful. Since LG Electronics established its local subsidiary in Huizhou in 1992, the LG Groups 12 subsidiaries have come to manage some 34 local companies, including 22 manufacturers. LG Electronics took the top position in the Chinese domestic market in the area of TV export, CD-Rom drivers, washing machine, and air conditioners during that time because of their advantages of technological prowess and the marketability of their products. In china, they used the new strategy as a bipolar strategy a strategy offer high value-added digital home appliances to the high income earners living in the coastal areas, and low-priced household electronically appliances to general households living in the interior. China is a great resource for operating a business. With many advantages such as low labor cost, low material cost, government regulations, geographic proximity to Korea market, 16 corporate entities of LG were built in the country which focused on manufacture Plasma TV, white goods, and important research, development in 2006. LG expanded their brand to set up a manufacturing network to serve countries such as Russia and US. As 98% off employees were local Chinese and RD center, this is a smart strategy of LG in case of localization in China. For their promoting image, LG initiated an I love china campaign and passed out free sanitary masks to local citizens during the SARS crisis in China. This activity really effected to customers while others competitors tried to rundown their business. LG also well done with their Corporation Social Responsibility by launching schools, offering scholarships to economically disadvantaged students, sponsoring a touting cultural festival that would bring traditional Chinese cultural experiences to small towns and villages, founding a hospital program to provide surgical treatment to children with cleft palates. Common strategy across BRIC At the first time, LG Electronics always put up their local manufacturer and RD team with local employees to understand the need and characteristic of each market. They depend on these researches and created some specification for local. Such as in India, most of consumers require on cheap price of products, but still have the same quality of international; LGEIL decided to produce the television with a smaller screen size and scaled-down sound system. They did not forget to serve the high-end products to all markets. This is really the big success of their RD activities. They are supporting global strategy by looking for talent local employees, meaning they localize with a purpose for global market. And with local operation, they can save much of manufactured products such as materials, employees, etc. Second thing for their global strategy is they always established their brand name on rural market, where avoid the competition of those large corporations around the world. This is one unique strategy of LG because they focus on lower-class consumers and appropriate way to satisfy consumers in cheap prices but still benefit. The population of rural areas is always greater many times than urban areas. In 2007, LG Electronics reached the $2 billion marks in revenues in India; this is a good result for their strategy. By recruiting the local employees, LG E knew well about the characteristic of their consumers and this is an advantage to attack them. The company is always looking for talent employees to train them as a global standard. LG E did sponsors to the passionate of the country, such as cricket game in India, football in Brazil. Otherwise, they had good corporation social responsibility that shown local and government their loyalty. All strategies of LG E in BRIC countries are long-term commitment; this make LG has a different position compare with other operations. LG still tries to overcome all the barriers if they believe that a market is really profitable. PART IV Case Question 3 What are critical points of learning that can be distilled from its success in emerging market? How these advantages are leveraged to compete in developed countries? Are there advantages transferable? By some successful experiences of LG in BRIC countries, LG brought to people the strategy to run well an operation in emerging market. Some of their success experiences are do sponsorship, event to create an image to customers; they always had their RD team to customization their product to satisfy the markets based on localization. They still kept the global standard on their product lines and put it into new products for each market. By this way, their brand name will have the image of globalization and also get benefit for customized products. And LG focused on rural market and they know that major population of BRIC countries is poor, so they give what the customers want low price. In case of operate in developed country, LG can also use this strategy to attack their customers, but its harder. Because in developed countries, there are many sponsorship and activities daily, if their marketing strategy is not unique, LG can get many difficult to compete with others like Sony, Phil lip, etc. Foreign businesses always focus on 2 things: outsourcing and marketing when enter a country. LG really did 2 things above in BRIC countries because they built their own factories, using local people, manufacture products on their factory in each country. They produce their customized products and sale them. But maybe this strategy will not work in developed country, because of the highly cost rates. The purpose for building their outsourcing is reducing the cost, but in developed country, the cost for these activities is very expensive. There will be better for them if they just do marketing and sale activities in developed country. Other thing is their distribution network. They expanded their brand name by a lot of retail channel, offices to most areas of each country. They also can save the cost for import, export, transfer, and quickly accessible to consumers. This will be the prepare strategy before LG enter a developed country. PART V References Career LG. (n.d.). Retrieved 11 24, 2010, from LG Electronics Inc.: http://www.lg.com/global/about-lg/careers/faq.jsp Corporate infomation. (n.d.). Retrieved November 20, 2010, from LG Electronics Inc.: http://www.lg.com/africa_en/about-lg/corporate-info/global-sports-sponsorship/sao-paulo-football-club.jsp Grand Finale Of LGS MALLIKA E Kitchen 2010. (n.d.). Retrieved November 24, 2010, from Food and Nightlife: http://www.foodandnightlife.com/content/grand-finale-of-lg-s-mallika-e-kitchen-2010 LG Record sales and products. (2010, 1 28). Retrieved 11 19, 2010, from Consumer Lifestyle News: http://www.cln-online.org/index.php?option=com_contentview=articleid=511:lgprofitscatid=40:industryItemid=135 LOUIS VUITTON IN INDIA Table of Contents Louis Vuitton Background Introduction 24 Case Question 1 Why do people buy luxury goods? 25 Case Question 2 Louis Vuitton is a high-end product. India is a low-income economy. Can this dichotomy be reconciled? 28 Case Question 3 What are the external factors kindering the purchase of luxury goods in a country like India? 30 Case Question 4 Why do luxury goods marketers form retail clusters? 33 Case Question 5 Why do certain luxury brands look for store locations in luxury hotels? 35 Case Question 6 How does a luxury mall work for luxury goods marketers? 37 Conclusion 39 References 40 PART I INTRODUCTION Louis Vuitton, a French fashion house officially founded in 1854, is the worlds leading of high-end fashion brand in international fashion industry. The well-known label is LV monogram which is featured on most products ranging from luxury trunks to leather goods is also as a way to deter counterfeiters. Founder of LV first launched a small leather shop in 1821 with the original products specialized in crafting fine leather luggage ware. But since recognized the demand among prestigious travelers who wanted premium steamer bags, flat cases, and weekend bags, the namesake designer, Louis Vuitton, gradually grew into a brand that offered deluxe travel goods. Back then, as successfully in establishing LV initial reputation, LV expanded the assortment to include carry-on-bags, toiletry cases, small trunks, jewelry boxes, and eventually luxury watches. Today, over one hundred and fifty year brand Louis Vuitton has been spread throughout Europe as the fashion icon of the most exquisite sy mbol. In this particular case study, we are going to discuss the reason why people purchase luxury goods, especially is LV; and how the dichotomy between a high-end product and a low-income economy to be reconciled. Then, the report will be continued with the external factors that hindering the purchase of luxury goods in India, culture typically. After that, mentioned more in international marketing, we are going to find out the reason why luxury goods marketers form retail clusters, why certain luxury goods look for store locations in luxury hotel. And finally, the report will be ended with the way of a luxury mall work for luxury goods marketers. PART II Case Question 1 Why do people buy luxury goods? Nowadays, when the world becomes globalization, there are no more barriers in the integration process of every country. Therefore, people are entitled to purchase and use global products made by international companies. Not the same as consumer goods or necessity goods, luxury goods are cyclical and correlate with GDP in specific regions, often exaggerating the up- and down-swings; in boom times, consumers demand tends to grow faster than the growth of economies (as measured by GDP)  [5]  . More precisely, luxury goods are goods for which demand is not related to income. Basically, there are three main factors that lead people by luxury goods. Especially in todays consumer-driven economy, people spend proportionately less on basic necessities and more on things based upon emotion and desire. Firstly, they buy luxury good because of its superior functionality and quality. Most of them were old because of hard working time period, so they were wealthy enough that willing to pay premium for products that had enduring value. They usually conducted extensive pre-purchase research, then making logical decisions rather than emotional or impulsive. This action highlighted the messages of product quality. And that message were information-intensive appealed to them. Consisting of connoisseurs, this category was the largest. Secondly, they are people who perceive luxury products as a reward. They saw these products as status symbols which make the personal statement that they had arrived. Highly driven, they were motivated by a desire to be successful, eager to showcase their success to others. They also were keen on appearing lavish or hedonistic. They wanted to make seemingly smart decisions that demonstrated the importance of their purchase while not leaving them open to social criticism of any kind. Thirdly, this is the smallest and consisted of younger consumers, with a higher proportion of males than the other categories. They saw luxury products as a means of self-indulgence. They enjoyed luxury products for their feel-good factor. They were emotional in their purchase decisions and were not concerned with product longevity or its enduring value. Particularly, in India, people who buy luxury goods fall into the second category. As we know, maharajahs are the most wealthy and powerful in India in the late 19th century. They are the one who prefer everything luxury to showcase their positions as great king. It was the ongoing orders from Indian royal families, among other wealthy customers, that had helps Louis Vuitton survive the Great Depression of the 1920s  [6]  .After that, although the changes in 1971, these maharajahs lost their traditional hold in post-independent India and their riches with the abolition of annual financial grants from federal government, many of them became entrepreneurs; but accidentally, the new generation of customers for LV was formed in India including start-up owners of myriad new businesses, professional CEOs in their thirties and early forties, non-resident Indian, small and medium retailers, big-brand franchisees, Bollywood actors and closet spenders. This new generation of customers coul d be the third category of who purchase luxury goods. They are new and not too many of them are really rich, but they still purchase LV as the feel good factor. Hence, they are very essential in long-term strategic development in Indian market. PART III Case Question 2 Louis Vuitton is a high-end product. India is a low-income economy. Can this dichotomy be reconciled? India, throughout history, has been a land of extremes and known for the indulgence of its opulent classes  [7]  . Typically, there are more than 600 maharajahs existed that time. They are truly powerful and wealthy enough to be considered as great king. As a positive result, most of global brands were looking India as a market with long-term potential whereby there are high demands of luxury goods from Indian royal families, so does Louis Vuitton. Until now, almost luxury brands are still survived in Indian market despite of global economic crisis. Clearly evidences are the Indian market has increased a significant percent of consumption this year when customers are more interested in walking into the outlets and, importantly, buying rather than just looking. Besides that, India is known as a low-income economy, but there are really have several wealthy people who are superior to the average population. Since Louis Vuitton made an important observation that the rich in India were flying to London, Dubai, Singapore, New York, and Paris to shop because there were noting available in India for them to buy  [8]  , the company has articulated the clear long-term goals in India that is open store in every Indian city so that the wealthy class can buy the needed items right in their home country. The World Wealth Report 2005-06, published by Merrill Lynch and Capgemini, put the number of dollar millionaires in India at 83,000 in 2005. The report also said that India recorded the worlds second fastest growth in the number of HNW individuals, 19.3 per cent in 2005  [9]  . Thus, we can easily realize the potential market of Indian consumers purchasing power. Currently, due to the capitalist mind set and growing young population, India offers to luxury brands favorable advantages such as more wealthy people, increasing awareness, increasing consumerism, and greater supply of luxury goods. Firstly, luxury product companies strategizing their entry into India were primarily targeting high-net-worth individuals because they are those with a million dollars or more in liquid financial assets. They are the largest category of spending on luxury goods as the number of them as well as their demand increased. Secondly, India young generation is now travelling abroad more than before, thus, the foreigner brand awareness is also increasing. The more they go out of the country, the more they exposure with international brands, especially luxury brands. Then, the demand of these kinds of global brands is increased in India but domestic market can not satisfy their demand. That is the reason helps luxury goods generally and Louis Vuitton particularly still existed and developed gradually in this market. Thirdly, there are also an increased numbers in consumption of non-essential items. The world is getting globalization day by day; the demand of human is not only the needs but also the wants, so that their life becomes more convenient and sophisticated. They dont afraid of giving a large amount of money to spend on a luxury product that it is worth for and satisfied their wants. Of course, there is no more guilt feeling associated with spending on luxury nowadays. Finally, together with the boom of expanding global, luxury brands opened more and more outlets in as many countries as possible, including India. Generally, in the world of opposition, this dichotomy entirely can be reconciled. PART IV Case Question 3 What are the external factors hindering the purchase of luxury goods in a country like India? Depend on several conditions of each country; the factors that are hindering the purchase of luxury goods are various. In this particular case study, we are finding out the external factors in Indian market. Advertising platform: Nowadays, Advertising is a service to the community  [10]  . It is usually revealled the latest fashions and the new popular novelties on the market. Therefore, the effect of adverting to the community is essential. Advertising has the power of persuade and influence consumer. Advertising has short-term power (conveying new information, building awareness, enhancing credibility, etc.) and long-term power (conveying brand image, attaching emotional values to the brand, building positive reputation, etc.)  [11]  . Actually, there is lack of advertising platform in Indian market. No famous magazines or newspapers are found in India at that time. Hence, LV als

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Association with in Uterine Exposure and Asthma :: Medical, Health, Medicine

Scientists have studied the effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in regards to many health defects in humans, one of them being asthma. Asthma is a chronic condition regarding the respiratory system. Muscles in the respiratory system, specifically the lungs and the trachea, tighten causing a narrowing of the passageways in which air flows through. The constrictions of the respiratory organs can cause many symptoms that include strained breathing and tension of the chest (Friis, 2012). In the United States alone, asthma is considered to be the most common long-term disease that affects particularly and most frequently children (Al-Daghri et al. 2013). According to Kyung Jung, asthma in children has multiplied since 1980, when it was a low 3.6 percent to a now high 9.6 percent (Jung et al. 2013). The causative agents, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are precarious material created from the partial burning of petroleum-based chemicals that have been known to be one of the collaborators for asthma (Friis 2012). Additionally, PAHs can be made by the incomplete burning of organic compounds, such as wood, coal, and especially tobacco (Al-Daghri et al. 2013). There have been studies conducted to demonstrate the affects and higher prevalence of asthma in children who are exposed to PAHs in an in utero state. Children exposed in the womb, along with asthma and the known causative agent, PAHs, will be the principle course of study. Four studies have been conducted to analyze the serious effects of PAHs. The research consists of work performed by Sophie Chu, Nasser Al-Daghri, Dr. Mathew Perzanowski, and Wan-yee Tang and each of their colleagues; all of which directed their own studies and research in regards to pollution exposed to children and asthma. For instance, Nasser Al-Daghri directed research on children in Saudi Arabia and found that nearly 3 million children experience the hardships of asthma (2013). For this reason and many others, PAHs and its ef fects in growing fetuses have been investigated worldwide. There is evidence from the findings of the previously mentioned researchers that in uterine exposure to PAHs are associated with childhood asthma. Sophie Chu and her colleagues postulated that exposures to PAH before birth and after birth would cause an intensification of airway hyperreactivity, thus showing signs of asthma. Chu collected mice for her research and acquired a mixture containing the same quantity of PAHs a pregnant woman would regularly consume. She also acquired a vaporized control solution made of almost entirely of decontaminated water (99.